rest

This is how rest days are calculated

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The workplace is regulated by a series of laws and regulations that put in black and white the bases of the employment relationship between companies and workers. He Workers Statute It is the place that answers many of the questions that, at one time or another arise to the workers. Knowing how many vacation days you are entitled to by law is one of the most common. He calculation of vacation days It varies from one company to another depending on the sector, whether there is a collective agreement that regulates it, the type of working day and even seniority in the company. To clear up any doubts, we will tell you how many days of work rest you are entitled to by law and how to calculate them. How many vacations correspond per month worked: what the law says He article 38 of the Workers’ Statute is in charge of drawing the master lines for the right to rest. This article establishes the right to a minimum period of 30 calendar days of paid annual leave, not replaceable by financial compensationexcept as provided in the agreement or end of the employment relationship. That is, all workers have the right to rest for a minimum of 30 calendar days included in their salary. These days, under no circumstances, can be compensated for additional remuneration and can only be compensated for other days of rest on a different date. This is the legal minimum per calendar year of work and each year generates its own paid holiday entitlement. The Workers’ Statute establishes that they must be enjoyed in an agreed manner within the corresponding annual period, except for agreed or justified exceptions. In addition to agree jointly between the company and employees, workers have the right to know the vacation dates that correspond to them, at least two months before the start date of the rest. This way the employee can plan your vacation. How vacation days are calculated The Workers’ Statute clearly establishes that workers They have 30 working days a year. But how are your vacation days calculated if you have only been working at that company for a few months? The most commonly used practical rule to obtain the proportional part when the entire year has not been worked is to start from 30 calendar days and prorate them by months worked. Don’t panic because they exist vacation day calculators. In any case, its calculation is not complicated. The usual thing in companies is to use the value of calendar days, so it is enough to divide the number of calendar days by the twelve months of the year and multiply it by the months worked. The result returns the number of calendar days of work rest. On the other hand, if they are specified as working days, the calculation must be made by replacing the 30 days indicated in the Workers’ Statute with 22 working days. Difference between business days and calendar days The difference between a working day or a calendar day is important for the calculation and choice of vacation days. Calendar days: all calendar days are taken into account, including Saturdays, Sundays and holidays. That is, when calculating vacation days, all days of the chosen period are taken into account. This makes it more favorable for the worker to start the vacation on a Monday and end it on a Friday, since in this way neither the previous nor the following weekend are counted as vacations. Working days: as their name indicates, they are those days on which you would usually work, these being usually Monday to Friday, excluding weekends (Saturday and Sunday) and national holidays. This makes it irrelevant whether the first day of vacation is a Monday or Wednesday, since any weekends or holidays in between will not be counted.Besides, at a legal levelthere is a subtle difference between business days and business days. In both cases, Sundays and holidays are excluded, but in some cases, Saturdays may be considered working days, but are not considered business days. Is it 22 or 23 business days? As we have pointed out, the Workers’ Statute only establishes a legal minimum of 30 calendar days of work rest, but does not specify its equivalent in working days. If the company uses the workdays metric instead of calendar days, the calculation of the number of vacation days per month will also change. The most common conversion is to 22 working days, that is, days in which you would usually have to work. But It is not a universal figure for all companiesbut an average that can change from one company to another. The collective bargaining of some industrial sectors or the collective agreements of each company can include improvements to these conditions by increasing the number of vacation days and increasing those 22 working days to 23 days or even more. Therefore, it will be necessary to consult with the company or review the collective agreement that applies to know if the scale of calendar or working days is used to calculate vacation days. A practical example Nothing better to understand How does the calculation of vacation days work? We have to see it with a practical example. Imagine that you have started working in a company on March 1 and you want to take a few days of vacation the first week of September. How many days of vacation would you get? In that case, and taking into account the formula that we have indicated before, the calendar days of vacation would be calculated as follows: 30 (calendar days by law) / 12 (months) = 2.5 days of vacation per month worked 2.5 calendar days of vacation generated per month x 6 months of work = 15 calendar days of vacation If we apply the metric of working days, and assuming that the agreement (or the company) establishes that there are 22 working days, we would have: 22 (working days) / 12 (months) = … Read more

while the Madrid-Barcelona AVE goes at 350 km/h, the rest of the network languishes

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The Minister of Transport and Sustainable Mobility, Óscar Puente, has announced the tender for two feasibility studies with one objective: to carry out actions to improve the high-speed line (LAV) between Madrid and Barcelona to increase the speed of this corridor to 350 km/h. This will allow the journey between both cities to be made in less than two hours, but the problem is with the state of the railway network in the rest of the country. All focus in one line. Puente has explained that the reasons for focusing on this route are that “we need more capacity due to the increase in passengers on this line which, when it started, moved 2.2 million users and today there are 15 million, which means that 85% of the passenger share uses the train in this connection between cities and can still grow.” Vibrations. The modernization of the line that has already been carried out on the Madrid-Seville route is now urgently needed for the one that connects Madrid with Barcelona: it is already close to having been in service for 20 years and reports have appeared that point to an increase in vibrations between Madrid and Calatayud. Air traverses. For the renewal of the line, use will be made of a “unique Spanish technology in the world”, the aerotraviesa, which according to ADIF reduces the aerodynamic load in the space immediately above the ballast bed by 21%. This allows the operating speed of the train to increase by 12%: the aerodynamic load caused at 330 km/h by the current crossing would be equivalent to that generated by the aerocross at 370 km/h. New stations. The plan also includes new access variants to both cities and the construction of two new high-speed stations in Parla (connected to the Madrid Cercanías network) and in El Prat de Llobregat. A new access to the Chamartín station from the east and south is also proposed as an alternative to the existing tunnel. that connects this station with that of Atocha. In this way, the minister indicated, the capital will be provided with an alternative route to the existing tunnel for trains coming from throughout the Mediterranean and Andalusia. Impact on other lines. The Parla station will also have another purpose: to allow a connection with Madrid for all those services of the Madrid-Seville LAV and the Madrid-Levante LAV, with destination Madrid, in case of eventual incidents at the stations or in the standard gauge tunnel. Giving room for maneuver for the future. This action, the Ministry states, will improve the current capacity of the Torrejón de Velasco junction—through which more than 250 trains circulate daily—and absorb the increases in traffic expected with the entry into service of the Madrid-Extremadura-Portuguese Border High Speed ​​Line. the planned growth on the line between Madrid and Seville. The studies also include the construction of a new railway access that allows services to be provided from Lérida with origin and destination in Barcelona and without the need to circulate through Camp de Tarragona. sticking out chest. Minister Óscar Puente stated in the announcement that with this improvement Spain will become “the only country, together with Chinawhich has an infrastructure of these characteristics.” Not only that, it has compared the costs with that is supporting uk: “They have 40,000 million and do not have a single kilometer of track installed. There is talk of a project that will cost 100,000 million pounds for 250 kilometers. We will have invested, from the beginning (of high speed) until the end of this year, in 4,091 kilometers, around 70,000 million euros. We have the lowest cost per kilometer in the world.” Where can you travel in five hours by train from cities like Gijón, La Coruña or Badajoz? To Madrid, almost certainly… and little else. Source: Chronotrains. The problem is the rest of Spain. The improvement plan makes sense from the point of view of the growing demand on that route, but it once again penalizes the rest of the railway network, which does not have high-speed lines… or even lines. We already talked about how from Chronotrains It is possible to see how from Gijón, La Coruña or Badajoz (in the image) in five hours the train coverage is very poor, and the problem is repeated everywhere. The connection with Madrid is normally well covered: the problem is the connection between cities other than Madrid and Barcelona. Supply and demand. Here there must be a balance between supply and demand, and criticism is logical among those who see how other routes, even having a certain demand, they are neglected again and again. Platforms like “Soria NOW!” they manifested recently claiming that “the only train that passes through Soria is the one of excuses”, and the same thing happens with others like Teruel Exists or the concentrations that for years They demand a “decent train” in Extremadura, although in the latter region there is somewhat more hopeful newsand the AVE to Galicia is also proving to be a real success. Image | Ministry of Transport and Sustainable Mobility In Xataka | The great Valencian “obrón” bears the name of Adif. Their last names: gas leak and fed up neighbors

which cars can circulate and which rest on November 15

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The time has come. That’s right, Hoy No Circula Saturday returns for another week. As usual every Saturday, motorists subject to this program must comply with the measures established by the CDMX Environment Secretariat (SEDEMA) to improve air quality in the metropolis. The basis of these measures lies in reducing the number of vehicles circulating on public roads. Naturally, this means that certain cars must remain parked. These regulations, as you already know, are implemented in the 16 municipalities of the Mexican capital and in the suburban municipalities of the State of Mexico, which are detailed below: Atizapan of Zaragoza Coacalco de Berriozábal Cuautitlan Cuautitlán Izcalli Chalco Chicoloapan Chimalhuacan Ecatepec de Morelos Huixquilucan Ixtapaluca Peace Naucalpan de Juárez Nezahualcoyotl Nicolas Romero Tecámac Tlalnepantla de Baz Tultitlan Chalco Valley What cars and license plates does Hoy No Circula Saturday affect? Considering the above, how can we prevent a penalty for traveling irregularly? Without a doubt, the fundamental aspect is to be familiar with the regulations that are implemented. You can consult these regulations in the image that appears above. Each of these days has specific characteristics. While the regulations are precise, Saturdays experience subtle variations. The truth is that it is not always up to the drivers themselves to leave their vehicles parked. Briefly, during a Saturday the following situations can occur: Cars that can circulate every Saturday Cars that have to rest every Saturday Cars that rest every other Saturday These restrictions, however, are not in effect throughout the day. During night hours they are not considered and, consequently, they operate from 05:00 to 22:00. This means that during the night period we will have freedom of movement without worrying about possible violations. Having clarified these notions, what other aspects should we consider? The main thing is that Hoy No Circula Saturday does not work uniformly. It is necessary to check the calendar since Saturdays do not always restrict the same vehicles. The numerical termination of the plate will be the determining factor. Vehicles with hologram 2 are effectively obliged not to circulate. However, for example, vehicles with holograms 0 and 00 are not required to stop driving at any time. The latter enjoy total freedom of transit because they represent the automobiles with the lowest polluting impact. Now, what happens with hologram 1? On a Saturday like today, November 15, 2025it is appropriate that vehicles with hologram 1 and license plate ending in an odd number remain parked. The reason is that this Saturday represents the third Saturday of the month of September and, consequently, coincides with an “even week.” Next Saturday, the situation will be reversed and odd numbers will not be able to circulate. Even so, there are certain exceptions that are important to consider given that these vehicles will have permission to travel without restriction: Those that run on electricity, natural gas or are hybrids Those who have a disabled license plate All those dedicated to urban transportation services (includes funeral homes) Those that offer school or passenger transportation Those intended for public safety and/or civil protection If these provisions are violated, the economic penalty will range between 20 and 30 times the Measurement and Update Unit (UMA), which represents 1,924.40 pesos and up to 2,886.60 pesos. Photo | Baron In Xataka | Pollution is not only making you live less and worse. It’s also making you dumber

which cars can circulate and which rest on November 8

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The second Saturday of the month of November arrives. Once again we face the restrictive measures of Hoy No Circula on Saturday. As happens periodically, the obligations to keep certain vehicles parked remain in force to avoid financial penalties if yours is affected by these provisions. What is the reason behind this system? This is the Hoy No Circula program, an initiative promoted by the CDMX Environment Secretariat. (SEDEMA) aimed at improving the quality of the air that the capital’s residents breathe. How exactly does it operate? What points are essential for any vehicle owner? The fundamental principle is that by reducing the number of vehicles traveling on the roads, air pollution levels in the region are inevitably reduced. Although these measures may be uncomfortable for drivers, the objective is clear: parking the car as a measure of collective environmental protection. Naturally, this restriction applies only in specific areas. In which places does this regulation apply? In all of the 16 municipalities that make up Mexico City, added to the peripheral municipalities of the State of Mexico that appear in this list: • Atizapan of Zaragoza • Coacalco de Berriozábal • Cuautitlan • Cuautitlán Izcalli • Chalco • Chicoloapan • Chimalhuacan • Ecatepec de Morelos • Huixquilucan • Ixtapaluca • Peace • Naucalpan de Juárez • Nezahualcoyotl • Nicolas Romero • Tecámac • Tlalnepantla de Baz • Tultitlan • Chalco Valley What cars and license plates does Hoy No Circula Saturday affect? Considering the above, what are the specific limitations? Why do Saturdays involve specific additional considerations? Indeed, different restrictions are implemented on weekend days. To determine the restrictive measures and their application mechanism, these are based on the hologram assigned to each vehicle, an element that determines its travel capacity. There are cars that must remain idle every Saturday, while others rotate their restriction. In conclusion, these restriction modalities are presented: • Cars that enjoy free circulation every Saturday • Cars forced to rest on all Saturdays • Cars that alternate restrictions, resting alternate weeks It should be noted that these limitations do not apply 24 hours a day. Its validity is limited between 5:00 a.m. and 10:00 p.m.. That is, after dusk it is possible to circulate without any restrictions. What happens if your car is in this restricted category? So the alternative is to stay at home if you want to avoid economic consequences. To do this, it is essential to clearly identify which vehicles can move and which remain immobile. In this way, the owners of Hologram 2 are forced to leave their units at rest every Saturday, without the possibility of movement. The situation is different for those with hologram 0 and 00, who enjoy total freedom of movement during any Saturday, without restriction. On the contrary, those who have hologram 1 must carefully evaluate whether they can travel. The answer depends entirely on the phase of the month we are in. Since we are on the fourth Saturday of the month of November, in the Saturday November 8, 2025 Drivers of cars with hologram 1 whose license plates have an even number ending are prevented from driving. In the next week, corresponding to the first day of May, owners of vehicles with hologram 1 whose license plate ends in an odd number will be forced to keep their vehicles parked. However, there are certain categories of vehicles that are completely exempt from these restrictions: • Those that operate using electric propulsion, gaseous fuel or hybrid technology • Those who carry accreditation for people with reduced mobility • All those linked to the provision of urban passenger transport services (including the funeral branch) • Those intended for the transport of minors of school age or passengers in general • Those assigned to public safety and emergency management duties In case of violation of these regulations, a penalty equivalent to 20 and 30 times the Measurement and Update Unit (UMA) is imposed, a figure that ranges between 1,924.40 pesos and 2,886.60 pesos. Photo | Sebastian Olivos In Xataka | Pollution is not only making you live less and worse. It’s also making you dumber

which cars can circulate and which rest on November 1

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The weekend arrives again with the activation of the vehicle restriction program that Mexico City implements every Saturday. Today No Circula on Saturdays implies a different operational complexity than that applied on weekdays, since the restriction criteria constantly vary depending on specific factors that can change our availability of mobility from one week to the next. In general terms, this is an environmental policy measure promoted by the CDMX Environment Secretariat. (SEDEMA) with the aim of reducing air pollution levels in the region. The strategy requires motorists to know exactly what the applicable requirements and restrictions are, under what criteria they operate and what consequences arise from non-compliance. Only in this way is it possible to avoid administrative penalties that could result in unexpected expenses. This program is executed in the territory of the sixteen municipalities that make up Mexico City, as well as in the adjacent municipalities of the State of Mexico that make up the metropolitan area: • Atizapan of Zaragoza • Coacalco de Berriozábal • Cuautitlan • Cuautitlán Izcalli • Chalco • Chicoloapan • Chimalhuacan • Ecatepec de Morelos • Huixquilucan • Ixtapaluca • Peace • Naucalpan de Juárez • Nezahualcoyotl • Nicolas Romero • Tecámac • Tlalnepantla de Baz • Tultitlan • Chalco Valley What cars and license plates does Hoy No Circula Saturday affect? The implementation of the Saturday restriction program does not uniformly affect all vehicles circulating in the area. On the contrary, it generates clear differentiations according to specific characteristics of the car, particularly considering the assigned environmental hologram and the numerical series of its license plate. The system works fundamentally from the environmental hologram and the final digits of the license plate. Although in principle it would seem like a simplified scheme, the reality is that the Saturday Hoy No Circula presents additional complexities that differentiate it from the weekday restriction program. Under the Saturday restrictions scheme, three different modalities operate: • Vehicles authorized to operate without limitation on any Saturday • Vehicles subject to permanent restriction on all Saturdays • Vehicles subject to alternating restriction in successive weeks The validity of these restrictive measures is limited to the period included between 05:00 and 22:00. During night hours, the restriction system is suspended, allowing circulation without regard to license plates or vehicle classification. In order to correctly anticipate restrictions, it is essential to accurately identify two components: the environmental hologram number assigned to the vehicle and the terminal digits of the license plate. Those owners whose vehicle displays a classification 2 hologram face a situation of constant restriction: their cars remain immobilized on all Saturdays of the month. On the contrary, owners of vehicles identified with a 0 or 00 hologram do not experience any limitations and enjoy freedom of movement every Saturday without exception. Drivers of vehicles classified as hologram 1 find themselves in a dynamic situation. These cars operate under a weekly alternation scheme, with their restriction conditions changing from one Saturday to the next. On the day of Saturday November 1, 2025which corresponds to the first Saturday of the month of November, vehicles classified with hologram 1 whose license plates end in an even number are under circulation restriction. Subsequently, on the following Saturday, when we have entered the fifth Saturday of the month of May, the vehicles with hologram 1 and license plate ending in an odd number will be the ones that must keep their units parked. There are, however, specific categories of vehicles that are completely exempt from these limitations and can move freely: • Automobiles powered by electric energy, compressed natural gas or hybrid propulsion systems • Vehicles provided with official reduced mobility documentation • Units intended for urban public transportation service, including funeral services • Units dedicated to the transportation of minors in an educational context or to passenger transportation services • Vehicles assigned to public security agencies or civil protection entities Failure to comply with these provisions carries quantifiable financial consequences. The administrative penalty is established between 20 and 30 times the value of the Measurement and Update Unit (UMA), which translates into a range of 1,924.40 pesos as a minimum to 2,886.60 pesos as a maximum penalty. Photo | Glauber Sampaio In Xataka | Pollution is not only making you live less and worse. It’s also making you dumber

which cars can circulate and which rest on October 25

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Saturday, October 25, is presented as a day that, in theory, invites relaxation and free time. However, for those who have vehicles subject to the Hoy No Circula Sabatino program, the reality will be different. As you already know, some cars must remain parked at their homes throughout the day. This measure, promoted by the CDMX Environment Secretariat (SEDEMA), its primary objective is to reduce air pollution so that we breathe better quality air. Its logic is direct: the circulation of certain vehicles is prevented, mainly those with higher levels of polluting emissions. However, the restriction does not always affect the same cars each weekend. In the areas where this program operates, some of these vehicles alternate their rest between different Saturdays. In which territories does this regulation apply? Specifically in the 16 municipalities of the Mexican capital and in these municipalities of the metropolitan area of ​​the State of Mexico: • Atizapan of Zaragoza • Coacalco de Berriozábal • Cuautitlan • Cuautitlán Izcalli • Chalco • Chicoloapan • Chimalhuacan • Ecatepec de Morelos • Huixquilucan • Ixtapaluca • Peace • Naucalpan de Juárez • Nezahualcoyotl • Nicolas Romero • Tecámac • Tlalnepantla de Baz • Tultitlan • Chalco Valley What cars and license plates does Hoy No Circula Saturday affect? What vehicles should stay home? The daily mechanics of this program are quite clear to understand, as you can see in the infographic above. However, on Saturdays the dynamics change and not all cars face identical restrictions each weekend. Some vehicles can move freely on certain Saturdays, while on others they are restricted. The classifications for this day are grouped into: • Vehicles with circulation permit every Saturday • Vehicles with permanent restriction every Saturday • Vehicles with alternating restriction every other Saturday These restrictions operate only in the time range from 05:00 to 22:00. During the night the prohibition ceases, allowing circulation without risk of fines. In addition to understanding the basic concepts, it is worth noting that the application of the program varies depending on the type of car. For this reason, it is essential to verify three aspects before starting the engine: the monthly calendar, the type of hologram that the car has and the last number of its license plate. As an example, vehicles with hologram 2 cannot circulate on any Saturday, while those with holograms 0 and 00 circulate freely every week. Those with hologram 1 They face restrictions that rotate week by week. On Saturday, October 25, 2025, which corresponds to the first Saturday of the (odd) month, vehicles whose license plates end in an odd digit must remain parked. Next Saturday, the second of September (even), the restriction will apply to vehicles with license plates that end in an even digit. However, there are certain exceptions that are worth taking into account because these vehicles will be able to circulate without restrictions: • Electric, natural gas or hybrid technology vehicles • Vehicles that have a disability plate • Units intended for urban public transport (including funeral services) • School transport or passenger vehicles • Public security and civil protection units Failure to comply with these regulations entails fines equivalent to 20 or 30 times the Measurement and Update Unit (UMA), which means an economic penalty of between 1,924.40 and 2,886.60 pesos. Photo | Josh Sorenson In Xataka | Pollution is not only making you live less and worse. It’s also making you dumber

which cars can circulate and which rest on October 18

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Third week of October… You know what that means: with us, the restrictions of Today No Circula Saturday. Because in addition to a few days of rest, the weekend is also synonymous with restrictions. If you still don’t know what we are talking about, it is because you are not aware of the project devised by the CDMX Environment Secretariat (SEDEMA) with which you try to breathe the quality of the air we breathe. As? The fact that? Let’s explain it. SEDEMA seeks a clear purpose: improve air quality in the metropolis. The strategy is simple, at least on paper, forcing more vehicles to remain parked. The consequence is direct: fewer cars in circulation equal cleaner air for everyone… particularly in areas where this measure is in force. It is worth clarifying that Hoy No Circula does not operate throughout the national territory, but is specifically active in the 16 municipalities that make up Mexico City and in these municipalities in the metropolitan area of ​​the State of Mexico: • Atizapan of Zaragoza • Coacalco de Berriozábal • Cuautitlan • Cuautitlán Izcalli • Chalco • Chicoloapan • Chimalhuacan • Ecatepec de Morelos • Huixquilucan • Ixtapaluca • Peace • Naucalpan de Juárez • Nezahualcoyotl • Nicolas Romero • Tecámac • Tlalnepantla de Baz • Tultitlan • Chalco Valley What cars and license plates does Hoy No Circula Saturday affect? Now that we know the territorial scope of application, what specific limitations should we consider? Basically, on Saturdays there is a driving ban… although only for certain vehicles. The restrictions do not apply uniformly nor do they operate under the same criteria as workdays. As seen in the table above, during the regular week it is the vehicle’s hologram that determines who circulates and at what time. However, on Saturdays they operate with a particular mechanics, where some cars alternate their days of rest while others can never move. Under the current scheme, we can identify three different scenarios: • Vehicles authorized to travel every Saturday • Vehicles forced to remain off the road every Saturday • Vehicles that alternate, resting on alternate Saturdays These limitations, it is worth noting, do not remain active for 24 hours. The application period runs between 05:00 and 22:00. This means that during night hours it is possible to move without considering any limitations. So, how to correctly interpret Saturday’s Hoy No Circula? Basically, those who are included in the restrictions must refrain from using their vehicle to avoid financial penalties. For this reason, it is essential to verify whether or not it is appropriate to keep the car at home. To begin with, all vehicles carrying hologram 2 are prohibited from circulating on any Saturday, without exception. On the contrary, those with holograms 0 and 00 enjoy total freedom of mobility since they are considered low-polluting emission units. The bearers of hologram 1 They require greater attention because they operate through a rotating system. During this day, as it is the first Saturday of the month of May, vehicles with hologram 1 whose license plate ends in an odd number must rest. Next weekend the situation will be reversed, but this Saturday, October 18, 2025, both those with hologram 2 and those with hologram 1 with an odd number plate termination must remain parked. Next week it will be time for hologram 1 with a plate ending in an even number to rest. However, there are exempt categories that can circulate without limitation: • Electric, natural gas or hybrid technology vehicles • Units registered with plates for people with disabilities • All those intended for urban public transport services (including funeral services) • Those dedicated to school or passenger transportation • Those assigned to public security and/or civil protection If these provisions are violated, the financial penalty ranges between 20 and 30 times the Measurement and Update Unit (UMA), resulting in amounts between 1,924.40 pesos and 2,886.60 pesos. Photo | Darwin Vegher In Xataka | Pollution is not only making you live less and worse. It’s also making you dumber

which cars can circulate and which rest on October 11

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Once again the weekend arrives and with it the restrictive measures that we know so well. The Hoy No Circula Saturday program comes into force again, affecting all those motorists subject to these regulations established by the CDMX Environment Secretariat (SEDEMA) with the purpose of contributing to the improvement of air quality in the capital. The basis of these measures is precisely to reduce the number of vehicles that travel on public roads. This strategy requires certain cars to remain parked at their homes. Such limitations apply to the 16 municipalities of Mexico City and the suburban municipalities of the State of Mexico, which are detailed below: • Atizapan of Zaragoza • Coacalco de Berriozábal • Cuautitlan • Cuautitlán Izcalli • Chalco • Chicoloapan • Chimalhuacan • Ecatepec de Morelos • Huixquilucan • Ixtapaluca • Peace • Naucalpan de Juárez • Nezahualcoyotl • Nicolas Romero • Tecámac • Tlalnepantla de Baz • Tultitlan • Chalco Valley What cars and license plates does Hoy No Circula Saturday affect? Considering these elements, how can we prevent a penalty for traveling improperly? Without a doubt, the fundamental thing lies in properly understanding the limitations that are established. You can see these limitations in the image that appears above. Each of these days presents a specific characteristic. The regulations are precise, although Saturdays experience minor variations. The reason is that not in all cases it is the owners themselves who must keep their vehicles off the road. Briefly, the following situations may occur on a Saturday. • Vehicles authorized to travel every Saturday • Vehicles forced to remain at rest every Saturday • Vehicles that alternate Saturday rest These limitations, however, are not maintained throughout the day. During night hours they are not considered and, therefore, remain in force from 05:00 to 22:00. This means that during the night we will have the possibility of moving around without restrictions and without worries about sanctions. After clarifying this, what other elements should we consider? The first thing is to understand that the Saturday Hoy No Circula does not always work exactly the same. It is necessary to consult the calendar because Saturdays do not always affect the same cars equally. The final enrollment figure will be the determining factor. Vehicles with hologram 2 are required to remain off the road. On the contrary, cars with hologram 0 and 00 do not require rest at any time. The latter enjoy total freedom of movement because they represent the vehicles with the lowest polluting impact. But what is the situation of hologram 1? On a date like today, October 11, 2025it will be up to vehicles with hologram 1 and registration ending in an even digit to remain in their homes. This is because this Saturday corresponds to the second Saturday of the month of October and, consequently, coincides with an “even week.” Next weekend, the situation will be reversed and the odd ones will have to rest. However, there are certain exemptions that must be considered, since these vehicles will be authorized to travel without limitations: • Those that operate with electricity, natural gas or hybrid technology • Those who have registration for people with disabilities • All those intended for urban transportation services (including funeral services) • Those that provide school or user transportation • Those assigned to public security and/or civil protection If these restrictions are violated, the economic penalty will range between 20 to 30 times the Measurement and Update Unit (UMA), which represents 1,924.40 pesos and up to 2,886.60 pesos. Photo | bardia Hashemirad In Xataka | Pollution is not only making you live less and worse. It’s also making you dumber

Using the WiFi on the train in Spain is the worst. The question is why there is so much difference compared to the rest of Europe

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If you have to work from the train and need WiFi, good luck. In some areas, even mobile data is useless, making the experience a real torture. It is no wonder, and Spain has one of the worst railway WiFi network infrastructures in all of Europe. According to an Ookla studiothe median download speed on Spanish trains reaches just 1.45 Mbps, compared to 64.58 Mbps in Sweden, which tops the list. At least we are above the United Kingdom or the Netherlands. A multi-layered problem. It’s not just a bad WiFi connection inside the carriage. The main failure, according to the study from Ookla, is in the “backhaul”, that is, in how the train connects to public mobile networks from the roof. Most European countries, including Spain, depend on “incidental” mobile coverage: the antennas installed by operators are designed to serve population centers, not specifically trains. The result is dead zones, constant signal drops and insufficient bandwidth when the train runs between cities. Average unloading speed on European trains. Image: Ookla Outdated technology on board. Inside the car, the panorama doesn’t help either. Although the study does not detail specific data for Spain, countries with similar performance such as the United Kingdom still maintain more than 50% of their connections on WiFi 4, a 2009 standard, and 38% use the 2.4 GHz bandmore prone to interference and congestion. This combination of outdated technology limits the experience even when the outside connection is decent. Sweden solves the puzzle with politics. In Sweden, the case is interesting because it dismantles the complicated terrain argument. Until the beginning of 2024, its trains offered speeds of just 2 Mbps. In the second quarter of that year there was a structural leap: the PTS regulator allocated public funds for neutral infrastructure in tunnels, imposed rail coverage obligations in the 2023 spectrum auctions and identified 45 tunnels and 630 kilometers of track with poor coverage. In just one year the speeds multiplied by more than 30. Average upload speed on European trains. Image: Ookla In Switzerland the model is different, but effective. This country, which is positioned in second place according to the Ookla ranking, has a different structure. And instead of universal WiFi on board, its operator SBB offers “FreeSurf”, a system that allows passengers with a Swiss SIM to use mobile data without consuming their rate while traveling. Bluetooth beacons in the carriages detect the device and the railway operator assumes the cost with the telcos. This avoids the bottleneck of shared WiFi and allows investment to be concentrated on improving the mobile network layer in the corridors. The problem is that it only works for residents with a local SIM. France invests in dedicated network. France built a specific network for railways on routes such as Paris-Lyon, with base stations every 2-3 kilometers, antennas facing the track and special systems in tunnels for trains that travel at 300 km/h and change cells every 15 seconds. Although the study places France In an intermediate position (19.12 Mbps), it continues to be well above Spain. Median latency of European countries compared to Taiwan. Image: Ookla Modern trains are Faraday cages. Part of the problem is structural. And how mention study, current railcars incorporate low-E glass with metallized coatings that block mobile signals more than a layer of concrete, according to tests carried out by the British Department of Transport. Germany has invested 50 million euros in laser treating 70,000 windows of 3,300 carriages to make them permeable to radio frequencies. Belgium abandoned a 173 million euro on-board WiFi plan and preferred to invest 40 million in modifying the windows of its trains. Asia prioritizes mobile over WiFi. In Japan, South Korea and Taiwan, the approach is different, as they invest in dedicated mobile data coverage on roads and tunnels, and treat WiFi as a secondary service. According to the study, Taiwan leads in latency (13 ms) and already deploys WiFi 6 on 20% of its rail connections. Its download speeds (8.1 Mbps) far exceed those of Spain, although they are far from the European leaders. The Japanese government, for example, has subsidized since 2020 the installation of cellular systems in all tunnels in the Shinkansen. satellite internet. Just like mention the study, operators such as ScotRail, SNCF, Trenitalia or PKP Intercity are testing terminals starlink and OneWeb on rural or coastal routes where ground coverage is insufficient. The strategy is not to replace mobile coverage, but to join both connections through onboard SD-WAN gateways. There are still limitations, as certified rail terminals are still in short supply, they do not operate in tunnels and the operational cost remains high if data is used intensively. In Xataka | How to share the data connection of your Android mobile or iPhone with an Internet access point

Vigo’s elite has an island for her isolated from the rest of the city. Now risks that to change

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Maybe it’s not as famous as The Cíesbut Torralla It is also a unique island. In its own way, of course. More than its fauna and flora, this small insula of the southern coast of Galicia stands out for its legal situation. Although it is connected to Vigo’s coast through a 400 -meter bridge and in theory it must comply The Costas Lawin practice it is an impenetrable urbanization for most vigueses. At the end of the viaduct there are A garrita with a guard who restricts the passage to the interior of the island. The barrier only rises for the (scarce) residents, their guests and the researchers who work in the Marine Science Station (Ecimat), a space linked to the University of Vigo that premiered in 2006. Torralla is therefore a city within a city, a private and exclusive village available to its even more exclusive residents, including The business elite local. The country Precise that there are only 149 people censored there, although in good weather the number of residents multiplies. Two ways to visit her As access is closed to anyone outside the island, there are only two ways to get an idea of ​​what is inside. One is to cross the bridge and (without crossing the garrita), go down to one of the coves located on both sides of the catwalk, accessible from the 90s Thanks to a Supreme Judgment. The other (more comfortable) is to open Google Maps and notice In view of birds, internal roads, large gardens, chalets and swimming pools that are distributed throughout the island. Its most characteristic piece (and perhaps controversial) can be observed, however, from a good part of the vigués coast: a tower of 70 meters high and 21 plants Raised between the end of the 60 and the beginning of the 70s, during the boom of the developmentalism. In idealist it is possible to find The announcement of a floor of 120 square meters on the 18th plant sold for 620,000 euros. Another peculiarity of the island is that in practice it is intended as a Private condominium in which the City of Vigo barely has a presence: the basic services, such as lighting, water supply or maintenance of the vials are assumed by the neighborhood community, Precise The confidential. That Torralla is today an island of private use, an anomaly of the Galician coast, is greatly explained by Its complex story. Until the second third of the nineteenth century the island belonged to the Church, but after confiscation He went to the Marquis de Valladares. Since then it has changed ownership (in 1884 a prosperous factory came to rise there, Iberian string) until in the mid -60s it ended up under the control of a society, Torralla S. This episode was key to the future of the insula, which saw how in just a few years the bridge was built that connects it with the coast, the Huge residential tower and the thirty of exclusive chalets that are distributed by its surface, some with gardens and pools that arrive almost to the rocks where the sea breaks. In its day, the construction of a nine height and 120 meters long for 85 exclusive homes that met the frontal opposition of the city. “It goes against every idea not only landscape, but I am even afraid that the island sinks,” He came to iron In 1975 the then mayor, Joaquín García Picher. After an intense pull and loosen, three years later the Supreme Court proved him right and gave the judicial folder to the megaproject. Goodbye to privileges? Torralla has been hoarding for years headlines Because of its peculiar status, but a quick search arrives on Google to verify that its rhythm has increased exponentially in recent months. The reason is simple: if the government Fulfill your wordin not long residents could lose one of the privileges that have been retaining for several decades, being the only ones (except for Ecimat workers) who can enjoy the coast of the island. In June, during a visit to the neighboring beach of Samil, Minister Sara Aagesen, guaranteed that will defend “he toCceso to the public domain Maritime-terrestrial “in the area.” It has to be for public use and we are working on the definition of the project, we hope to have it just around the summer, “he insisted. Wednesday The confidential revealed That the government is already finalizing the project to achieve it, which in practice would go through lifting the garrita that prevents the passage of non -residents and recovering the public domain strip of the insula. To understand that effort you have to understand some keys before. The first, the status of the island. What Torralla SA has is a concession, an authorization of almost a century granted in the mid -60s and will not end Until 2064. In between, in the late 80s, the Government approved the Coastal Lawa regulation that regulates the public use of the coast and the one that right now does not adjust the Galician island. In fact, if the vigueses (and the rest of the visitors) can cross the bridge and sunbathe on the coves of the island located on their margins is not because of the hospitality of the SA, but by a sentence of the 90s that forced him to retract the garrita to the end of the catwalk, allowing his public access. The Coastal Law however demands something else. The norm includes a space of “Traffic servitude” that must respect a strip of six meters widean area in which “the construction of any installation is not authorized and should be left permanently expedited for pedestrian public use.” That is what Vigo aspires now with the support of the government: a perimeter walk of more than 1.5 km and at least six meters wide for which residents probably They will have to give land. With him they would achieve two objectives: to end decades of privileges and erase Torralla … Read more

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