calculator

This website is a magnificent calculator to calculate and compare with other countries

by

Talking about taxes in certain scenarios is a recipe for disaster. All the ingredients are present: ignorance about basic concepts in economics and how they work, a misunderstood selfishness and confusion between whether what we dislike is how they are managed or their mere existence. One of the most controversial is the Personal Income Tax or Income Tax. How much IPRF do we pay? Is it a lot or a little? Well it depends. In general, we don’t even like money being “taken” from us and in Spain it is quite common to hear that they “take” too much from us. Keep in mind that most states have some personal income tax similar to personal income tax (there are exceptions such as Monaco either Kuwait which they don’t have), so neighbors like Germany or France do have it and leaving the EU, in the United States they have their equivalent in the Income Tax). From here two questions arise: what part of my income goes to personal income tax and whether I would pay more or less if I lived somewhere else. Without intending to replace an economics class (or reading in depth the ministry website) and yes like brief notes on personal income taxIt is important to be clear that this tax is progressive in sections, that is, you do not pay the same percentage for all your money. This is one of the most common mistakes when we hear that someone with a high salary (for the average in Spain) pays 47%: no, the Treasury does not take almost half. That first tranche up to 12,450 euros has a withholding of 19%, from there up to 20,199 euros it is 24% and so on. On the other hand, personal income tax is also divided into sections: state and regional. Depending on which autonomous community you live in, you will pay more or less. Finally, there is a personal and family minimum for which personal income tax is not paid as it is considered to be used to cover basic needs. Defaultit is 5,550 euros per year for a single person. Personal income tax calculators There are a few on the internet and in fact, even the Treasury has its own to make sure we are with the official. Now, if we look for an intuitive alternative that allows us to compare, this website by Benjamin Akar It is an excellent option even if it is in English. An easy personal income tax calculator and comparator to estimate what you pay After choosing a country from the list and verifying that the currency is the Euro, we only have to add annual gross salary. In the advanced options you can also add other deductions such as pension plans or union dues. We see it better with an example: 25,000 euros per year in Madrid and Navarra, two very particular autonomous communities: the state capital has deflated the sections and has one of the lowest minimums in Spain. Navarra, for its part, has its own Treasury, regional regime and personal income tax law. Thus, the sections are modified and there are differences in deductions and calculations such as the structure of the savings base. For the simulation we will assume that we are single people without children. From the previous calculation it is deduced that Madrid is the best option to maximize your salary. But not everything is money in the pocket: Navarra compensates with its own management of services that sometimes entails indirect benefits in the form of personal or family deductions either more budget per inhabitant in health. Now we try changing to Germany and its capital, Berlin, to see what the personal income tax calculation looks like. Deductions from work are very low because Germany has a very high exempt minimum because you do not pay taxes, but then social contributions arrive in the form of social security, pension, unemployment taxes, among others. The EU forms a mosaic where each state has its own tax recipe, although they all share to a greater or lesser extent the objective of financing the welfare state. However, the big difference is not only how much we pay, but how it is paid. So We essentially distinguish three routes: There are states like Germany, France or Spain, with a standard progressive model where you pay based on what you earn; Others, such as Bulgaria or Romania, apply flat systems with low single rates regardless of income. Finally there is the “Nordic” model of places like Denmark or Sweden, with very high maximum rates to finance extensive public services and social benefits. He Spanish state is located in a medium-high zone of the EU. The Eurozone average in maximum rates is around 40% compared to 45% in Spain (considering the combination of state and regional average), reaching 50% or more in regions such as the Valencian Community or Cataloniawhich only affects very high incomes. In Xataka | 64% of Spaniards believe that they pay more in taxes than they receive from the State. It’s actually the other way around In Xataka | Income Tax Calendar 2025: dates and when the 2026 Income Tax return is made Cover | Jakub Zerdzicki

Some researchers believe that AI is making us more dumb. We have listening the same from the calculator

by

The AI ​​is making us dumb. A recent study has revived an old fear: that of technology by decorcing our cognitive abilities. It has happened with writing, calculators, television or internet. With the irruption of Great language modelsAI is in the center of the debate, but does it really make us more dumb? A MIT study. A few days ago a study conducted by MIT researchers About the “cognitive cost of using chatgpt in the educational context of writing an essay.” In the study, which lasted four months and had 54 participants, they wrote an essay a month while monitored by electroencephalography. The participants were divided into three groups: one used chatgpt, another used the search for Google and the third did not use any tool. The group that used Chatgpt gave the worst results in brain activity and also became more lazy with each essay they wrote. It has logic. If we use a tool to do a homework for us, the natural thing is to stop doing that task manually. Thanks to the calculators we no longer need to do great operations by hand. Having a GPS we arrive at our destination without having to memorize the route and with a search engine like Google it is no longer necessary to know by memory all the rivers of Spain. With the AI ​​we already saw how Some programmers no longer know. The key question that arises is: does this dependence imply a real decrease in our intelligence? A historical fear. It is not the first time that we fear that a new technology will become less intelligent, in fact it is a constant fear throughout history. In the 370 AC, Socrates already questioned if the writing was weakening our ability to memorize (the funny thing is that he did it In a book). With the pocket calculators came the fear that we forget to perform math operations by hand. A fear that It was fulfilled (Who makes divisions by hand having calculator?), But that does not mean that we are worse in mathematics. In fact, this Meta analysis He concluded that calculators do not negatively affect performance and even improve the attitude towards mathematics. Technology and brain. For years we wanted to know the effects of new technologies on our brain and television has been in the spotlight. In This studythe researchers verified how seeing films our brain entered a mode of “low demand” similar to that of deep sleep. In This other study They conclude that seeing a lot of television is associated with a lower volume of gray matter. Something similar concluded This study about the effect of playing a lot of video games. The Internet was a radical change in the way we access information. In This 2011 studythe ‘Google effect’ was coined or how, when we know that we can access the information whenever we want, we tend to memorize less specific data. Instead, we remember better how and where to find that information. Without clear evidence. Studies that say that technology makes us dumb either lazy There are many, but there are also others who claim that There is no clear evidence that it is so. The appearance of new technologies changes the way we entertain ourselves, we look for information or work, but that does not necessarily imply that there is long -term damage in our cognitive ability. The comparative advantage. The theory of Comparative advantage It was developed by David Ricardo in the early nineteenth century in the context of international trade and is defined as the ability to produce a good or service at a lower opportunity cost than others. In his Column in The Free Presseconomist Tyler Cowen applies this theory to the IA issue. The opportunity cost in this case is the time and energy that we dedicate to a task or, as they say in the study of MIT, the cognitive cost. Less effort does not mean more silly. Following the concept of comparative advantage, memorizing the capitals of all countries would mean a high cognitive cost, greater effort. Here the AI ​​would have a comparative advantage over us because its effort is almost null. On the other hand, when performing more creative and analytical tasks, such as writing an essay on geopolitics, we have the comparative advantage. We can interpret it as if it reduces our capacity, or we can interpret it as AI is an assistant who deals with more repetitive tasks so that we can focus on the most important. It is not the AI, it is we. Returning to the analogy with the calculator: it is not the same to use it to make complex operations than to depend on it to add 1+2. Obviously, what chatgpt does Little has to do compared to the calculator. The abilities of language models are infinitely higher and the risk to depend too much on it for too many things It is very real. However, There are psychologists who affirm That the impact on our intelligence will depend on the use we make of it. As the psychologist Jason Lodge says in This great articleAI is the electric bike of the mind. To close, the best example I can give you is this article. Reading all the studies that I have cited and draw conclusions would probably have taken more than one working day. What I have done is ask Gemini, Chatgpt and Perplexity to summarize some of these texts. It has helped me to understand everything better and faster. Or I could have asked for That the whole text and copy it literally And I wouldn’t have learned anything. Image | Gemini In Xataka | Chatgpt is taking some people to the edge of madness. Reality is less alarmist and much more complex

The ‘Napier bones’ seem a dominoes, but they are the link between the abacus and the modern calculator

by

The name of John Napier It may not sound to you anything, but I already tell you that, very possibly, it is a person who does not like you. Because what may sound to you is about Neperian logarithms than so many They brought us head in high school. It was Napier who first defined this function, but to “compensate”, he also gave life to what we can consider as the precursor of the Current calculator. Something called ‘Napier bones’ that looks like a dominoes, but that brought mathematical operations to more people. John Napier. This Scotsman were interested in many things. His family was more than settled and, as a good son of wealthy, he attended the University of Saint Andrews at age 13. It did not last long, but not because I would like to leave the studies, but because it went to others Universities of France, Italy or Flanders. Life living from Castillo in Castillo, where he gave free rein to several of his passions. A magician (but not of the numbers). Was a Protestant and considered A black wizard for its neighbors. He was also an ingenious guy. When the pigeons ate their grain, decided Spread wet seeds in alcohol through the field and, with ‘anesthetized’ pigeons and unable to fly, he dedicated himself to capture them. As always, and more when we talk about this type of stories with several centuries behind them, imagination and exaggeration do their job, but what is undeniable is that Napier liked solve problems. His greatest contribution is the one commented Mirifici Logarithmore Canonis Description in which he defined the current logarithms in 1614, but before and then I publish other treaties of the Mathematics field in which he explored how to simplify the calculation tasks. And not only theorized about them or impulse The comma in the decimals: created tools to solve those calculations more easily. The new abacus. Since we need to solve mathematical problems, humanity has sought ways to support tools. This is how the abacoseither The quipus with those who could do simple operations such as sums, subtraction and multiplications. With more complex mathematics, we had to go around the system, and Napier took off his new abacus, or a protocculator. Napier’s bones. In 1617, shortly before he died, the mathematician invented a manual tool focused on facilitating some more complex operations, such as multiplication and division, but also square roots. It was a set of rectangular rods in which the multiplication tables were recorded, in addition to a board with holes for the rods and with the figures of 1 to 9 arranged vertically on the left side. By placing these rods next to the others, multiplications and divisions operations were reduced to simple sums and subtraction, respectively. Originally, they were manufactured in metal or wood, especially, but these rods could also be built in ivory, and a complete game included 10 rods to represent the numbers from 0 to 9. That? Ok, as with mathematics, let’s see examples. One very simple is seen with multiplication, because we do not need to memorize the tables. If we want to know how much 2 x 6, we simply look for row 2 on the right and the rod that begins by 6 and we see what number is in the quadrant: 12. If we want to do an 8 x 8, we repeat the process and we see that we have a 64. If we do a more complex operation, such as 46785399 x 7, we place the rods corresponding to that number (the one that begins by 4, which begins by 6 and so on) next to each other from left to right and we look at the number that comes out in row 7, which is why we want to multiply. Now, from right to left, we are placing the numbers that appear together in the diagonal box: 327497793. Later mathematicians improved the system by creating a board with a 65º inclination that improved the visual identification of that formula, but the ‘Napier bones’ were a revolution when approaching that more complex mathematical calculation to people without higher studies. The only thing that had to be learned was the rule of multiplication and division with the board system. Variants were created, with circular format tablets A jewel. Dying in 1617, it is complicated that Napier saw the transcendence of his theoretical and practical work, but today his logarithmic foundations continue to be used, also the coma of the decimals, a lunar crater bears his name and that Neperian abacus is one of the jewels of the National Archaeological Museum of Madrid. It is not known who manufactured it, but it is a wooden case of a considerable size with 30 drawers in which the sheets of the two abacos designed by the mathematician are stored. One of them formed by 60 numbered rods built in bone and the second, called ‘Promptuario’, composed of 300 numbered and perforated wool chips to perform multiplications. The ‘promptuary’ of the man of Madrid And it’s like a Megachuletasince in the doors of the boxes are the first powers of the digit numbers, the coefficients of the first powers of the binomial and the numerical data of the regular polyhedra. Curious that calculators, apart from being objects with a specific purpose, have become some cases in authentic works of art. To tell the divisumma. Images | Maksim, Willy, Luis García, Kim Traynor, The Wub In Xataka | The “computer” of 2,000 years ago fascinates us for decades. A new study points out that it might have not served at all

The Divisumma calculator was the mechanical jewel of Olivetti. Now is an icon of retrofuturist design

by

Before making a mathematical operation as easy as Ask for a voice assistant either type it in chatgpT, the calculators They were an essential tool on any desk. Long before Light and dear Casiothere were others that seemed authentic desktop computers: huge, heavy, and mechanically amazing. The most iconic were the Olivetti, jewels of engineering that combined technical precision with an industrial design Retroputurist that resists dying. And among them, a name shone: Divisumma 26 GT. The divisumma. Mechanical calculators exist since the 18th century in the 18th First calculator capable of multiplyingand it was in the XX when the revolution arrived. At the beginning of the century the keyboards were simplified, they became somewhat more compact, easy to use and the electric models appeared. That’s where Olivetti began to stand out. Its first electrical model, Divisumma 14 of 1948, was baptized like this because it could do the four basic mathematical operations and not only had a characteristic design, but surprising mechanics. Twelve years later the Divisumma 24 arrived, and this was a revolution. Although the keyboard was still very simple and easy to use, it had a double totalizing system that allowed to change between two calculations without losing operations. In addition, he had memory for multiplication and mechanically began to complicate the thing. Seeing one of these machines without industrial cutting is a show: 26 GT, the culmination of mechanics. Since model 24, launched in 1956, the Italian company was launching other mechanical calculators focused on various users, but the true generational relief, and the culmination of electromechanical calculation, was the divisumma 26 GT of 1967. Apart from the basic operations, it had the ability to make calculations with powers and had a totalizer in this case, but with two memories. This allowed the machine to store intermediate values ​​to chain calculations. It was fed by an electric motor that consumed 50 W and that storage of values ​​was not done in a chip or a memory like the ones we currently have: but based on mechanical parts. It was that characteristic that allowed the 26 GT to overcome the previous models due to that most marked automation. Its weight of between 17 and 20 kilos (depending on the housing) for a 28 x 25 x 50 cm machine, evidence that the interior was an authentic metal jungle and a delight for sight. It was not the most advanced in the brand, since that same 1967 came the Logos 27-2but the reliability and maintenance problems of this put more value the work done by Teresio Gassino and Natale Capellaro In the mechanical part of the 26 GT. The divisumma 26 GT with the exhibition housing Fashion calculator. Inside, the Divisumma were a real virguería, but on the outside it was not far behind. Like Braun, he is remembered, among other reasons, for iconic Dieter Rams designsa very important part of Olivetti was Austrian designer and architect Ettore Sottsass. He began collaborating with the Italian company in 1958 and remained as a design consultant for 30 years. At that time he gave birth not only the Elea 9003 of 1959 (one of the first electronic computers in Italy), but the Olivetti Valentine of 1969 that was a symbol of Italian industrial design and some of the electric calculators of the house, “wearing” those good mechanical characteristics with housings that innovated in aesthetics. The Divisumma 26 GT also had bodies of Sottsass, being one of them translucent to be able to appreciate mechanics and exceeding the passage of time. They are one of those elements that, such as Braun’s polishing, could launch at any time saying that they are retrofuturists and would not disregard at all. He had the foundations of the Divisumma 24, but added those distinctive orange colors and more straight lines so that it would not go out of style. Divisumma 18, whose compact design is exhibited at MoMA next to Divisumma 14 Electronics arrived. But we are in 1969 and progress tightened. Since the beginning of the decade, the electronic calculators had begun to appear the leg, but they were huge (the Anita MK VII with vacuum tubes and cathode tubes of 1961, for example) and impossible to use away from the desk. They evolved with the Sharp CS-10A From 1964 that already used transistors, but at the same time that Divisumma 26 GT arrived the real revolution. Sharp launched its QT-8ba very compact battery calculator. Canon did the same with the Pocketronic that already pointed ways from the name and MK6010 Texas Instrumental had everything integrated into a chip, being smaller, cheap and energy efficient. All were on the electronics ship, so the old electric calculators had to think about retiring. That does not break… Today, with that wave of nostalgia, we see users in places like Reddit who continue to love their ancient electric calculators Olivetti. They will use them or not, but there are those who affirm that, with basic maintenance, they continue to function as the first day. Its sound is still very representative, the design has not gone out of style and are even a very interesting decoration piece on a surface. Now, seeing these veteran calculating I can only think about my CRT televisions to play old consoles. Not because of nostalgia -I do not have nostalgia for a calculator other than the casio that we have all had -but because, at the time they break, we will surely not find anyone who can repair them. It will be that day when these pieces are only as a museum meat, but although the mechanics fail, that Retrofuturist design It will survive. Images | Museo della Scienza e della technology “Leonardo da Vinci” (2), Museum, Hgrobe In Xataka | Transcribe at full speed with a keyboard of only 21 keys: the office of stenotipist, according to someone who has been in it for 35 years

Young programmers no longer know how to program. AI is now causing the same as the calculator caused half a century ago

by

Myron Aub was a boiler man from the egg head, but all that did not matter. I had discovered how to do something that humanity had forgotten: I knew how to multiply without the help of a computer. After demonstrating it, the members of the new Pentagon were amazed: someone was able to multiply with a paper and a ball! All that imagined Isaac Asimov in his short novel ‘The feeling of power‘, originally published in February 1958. History, in just 3,700 words, is simply prodigious – I encourage you to read it – and raise a future in which human beings do not know how to perform mathematical operations and depend on computers for computers all. When AUB performs reverse engineering of this calculation process, it creates an extraordinary situation. One that leads to an equally surprising conclusion … and sadly predictable. I read that story about 30 years ago and then I found it fascinating – I am an absolute fan of the ‘Foundation’ saga of Asimov, but I hated the Apple TV+ series for betraying that legacy. The prolific author transmitted a clear message: perhaps it is not so good idea to depend too much on the machines. Or maybe yes? The programmers who did not know how to program It is what is certainly happening in the world of programming, which is undoubtedly the segment most affected by the arrival of artificial intelligence. The AI ​​models have proven to be valuable attendees when programming, and just six months after the chatgpt launch nine out of ten professionals used AI to program. The de facto models have become increasingly capable in this type of task, and the popularity of Tools as cursor has shown that The conquest of “effortless programming” Tab-Tab-Tab is increasingly clear. Even those who did not know how to program or knew, but not in certain programming languages, they are now capable of creating surprising applications. AI is not perfect, of coursebut one thing is clear: it is getting better. That, of course, raises a risk: let’s forget how to program. It is just what a developer named Namanyay Goel denounces, which In his blog he explained How “New Junior developers are not able to program.” The AI ​​allows developers to deliver more code than ever, but these young programmers do not know why that code works or if there would be another way to do things. According to their experience, the new generation of programmers use chatgpt or co -pilot or Claude at all hours. That, he says, allows them to deliver more code than ever, but according to this developer, These young programmers do not know why that code works or if there would be another way better to do it. “We are sacrificing deep understanding (of the code) by fast patches, and although that makes us feel good now, we will pay later.” Goel highlighted how not much places like Stack Overflow were a much better source of information for programmers. They asked things, but when they got answers they used to learn why those answers were valid. That knowledge was there for free, and also in many cases veteran developers and experienced people became involuntary teachers for new generations. “The AI ​​gives you answers, but the knowledge you acquire is superficial. With Stackoverflow, you had to read multiple expert discussions to get a complete vision. It was slower, but you ended up understanding not only what worked, but why it worked.” Of course, not everyone thinks the same and a commentator in Slashdot He pointed out How “Stackoverflow has been a source of terrible programming tips and an overdependence of copying and hitting for much longer.” However, Essste developer believes that not yet everything is lost. AI can help you, without a doubt, but you can also continue learning with it. “When you give you an answer,” he advised, “Ask him for her. Ask why (he has given that solution). “He also recommends debating that code with your team of developers to discuss and be able to get new ideas, or perhaps do so with developers who go to platforms such as Reddit, Discord or Mastodon. The calculator teaches us the future The reflection of that developer is undoubtedly striking, but for many it is a useless debate. In Slashdot a user named Zak3056 He affirmed Take two decades interviewing Júnior developers. “A surprising percentage of them did not understand basic concepts (…). AI has nothing to do with this. It is the state in which education is, many schools are creating graduates that simply do not understand the field they have chosen “ Other comments coincided with him, and the situation reminds other industrial and technological revolutions in which a profession or discipline have ended up being completely conquered by machines. We continue learning to perform mathematical operations, but after school there are not many people who do operations at hand: It is much faster to use the calculator. The calculators may cause some workers who performed that task to be displaced at the beginning, but their impact in the long run has been greatly positive. The calculators may cause some workers who performed that task to be displaced at the beginning, but their impact in the long run has been greatly positive To begin with, there are still mathematicians, but they are dedicated to much more complex problems than the machines are not yet able to solve – of the moment either – and the calculators made them even more valuable: they could focus on those problems, and Not in the calculations that could also be wrong because we assume it, the margin of human error is there. In addition, the calculators productivity and efficiency improved significantlysaving all kinds of professionals those most repetitive tasks to focus on others that other non -substitutable capacities (at least, for the moment) by the machines. Will something like this happen with AI and programming? It is very likely. AI has … Read more

Log In

Forgot password?

Forgot password?

Enter your account data and we will send you a link to reset your password.

Your password reset link appears to be invalid or expired.

Log in

Privacy Policy

Add to Collection

No Collections

Here you'll find all collections you've created before.