In 1978 Christopher Reeve was chosen to play ‘Superman’. He got so beaten up that he literally couldn’t fit into the suit.

In the mid-seventies, superman He wasn’t just a character: he was DC’s goose that laid the golden eggs and a bet that could make or sink the first great modern superhero blockbuster. Producers Alexander and Ilya Salkind wanted a “serious” and grandiose film, far from the tone camp from the sixties Batmanbut they also knew that any setback would be a historic embarrassment. Too big to fail. In that scenario, DC, suspicious, imposed conditions of the strictest and he monitored the project as if it were a surgical operation, because the underlying problem was not to make a film: it was to make it with a guy in tights and a red cape and get the public to I will look at him with respectnot like a meme. Two years of casting. Thus, the search for superman perfect became the great bottleneck: it began in 1975 and continued until February 1977with hundreds of tests and a growing sense of desperation. There was, as usually happens in any great production, a star wish list that seemed more a festival poster than an audition: Robert Redford, Paul Newman, Warren Beatty, Clint Eastwood, Steve McQueen, Burt Reynolds, Charles Bronson, James Caan, or even Nick Nolte. In fact, there were many more, in addition to proposals that today they sound delirious by pure marketing logic, as think of Muhammad Ali or even in people outside of interpretation. It turns out that each option failed for something (if it wasn’t cost, it was age, image, accent or fit in general) and the message was clear: without Superman, there was no movie. The definitive twist. In the midst of that chaos, Christopher Reeve arrived from the New York theater as an answer that did not fit the cliché of the “big name” that the producers were looking for, but did fit the essence of the character. The casting director was pushing his candidacy against the team’s inertia, until he was finally given a real opportunity. When Richard Donner, the film’s director, saw it, the trial was as clear as it is uncomfortable: Reeve had the height, the face and the aura to be Superman… but he was also too young and too thin (“a stick”were the director’s words) to fill a suit that required visible strength, not just presence. Even so, in that test (between nerves, the heat of the spotlight and a still ungainly appearance) something that no one could copy became evident: the potential to make Clark Kent and Superman credible in the same person. The actor before opting for his role in Superman Stop being a “stick”. Reeve got the role with an unspoken demand which was actually an ultimatum: he had to physically become Superman, and do it quickly. The producers even suggested use fake muscles under the suit to “trick” the camera, a typical solution in the cinema of the time, but he refused, because he understood that credibility was not built with filler, but with transformation. The movie needed the body to say “superhero” before the character even spoke, and Reeve assumed that the job was not just to act well, but to look impossible without falling into excess. Darth Vader as trainer. Here comes the anecdote that seems invented by an advertising department: the man inside the Darth Vader suit, David Prowse, also a bodybuilder and instructor, was the one who was in charge of sculpting to Superman. Donner called it like someone activating a emergency plan: “we have a Superman” and we have to build him against the clock. Prowse trained Reeve for weeks with a routine focused on gain mass and functional strengthsolid enough to withstand flight harnesses, exhausting days and the symbolic weight of the character. And in the process a perfect story was born to sell the film: the most intimidating physical villain of the moment molding the definitive hero of the decade. The “obsessive” transformation. The method was so simple as brutal: eat a lot, train thoroughly and not allow yourself to lose weight even for a single day. Reeve put himself on a high-protein diet, with four meals a day, shakes and vitamins, and with an almost paranoid discipline: skipping a meal meant going backwards, and going back was a disaster. The idea he repeated was very clear: the actor’s inner work is useless if the exterior does not support the fantasy, because Superman cannot “seem” weak, even if he is vulnerable on the inside. And the most interesting thing is that that physical strength also changed him. the psychology of paper: The stronger he became, the more natural the character’s calm authority came to him. Too “handsome”. The result was so extremely effective that it became a continuity problem: Reeve continued to gain muscle during filming and there came a point where It was not the same body of the first scenes. The production had to redo shots already filmed because the superman of one day did not fit with the Superman of weeks later, and the suit, designed for a “before”, began to behave like a shell that was too small. The ironic twist is that at first they wanted to put fake muscles under the uniform and, after the transformation, the opposite happened: They were able to remove the additions to the suit because they were no longer needed, and the film was left with what it had always needed from the beginning, a Superman with real muscle, without tricks or cardboard. The myth that remained. Over time, Reeve’s physique has been compared with the hypertrophied standards of today’s superheroes, but at the time it was quite an event: his change from “tall, skinny actor” to muscular icon It was part of Superman’s own story even before of the premiere. The important thing was not to compete with modern mountains of biceps, but to build an exact illusion: that this guy could be the most powerful on the planet and yet the most human when he looked at Lois … Read more

Jaguar Land Rover was beaten by a cyber attack. The complicated thing came when trying to reactivate its production plants

In Solihullnear Liverpool and in its plant in Slovakia, it is usual to see how every minute some of the vehicles that mark the top of the British industry leave the line. Today those chains are still, and not due to lack of pieces or demand. A computer attack He has forced To Jaguar Land Rover to stop the production and to review its systems with magnifying glass. The image is not just that of some detained factories, it is that of a sector that discovers how vulnerable it can become. Chronology helps dimension the magnitude of the case. On August 31, Jaguar Land Rover arrested operations in his British factories as a preventive measure, According to Financial Times. Days later, the company reported that the restoration of the systems would require more time than expected, with October 1 as a new horizon. The aforementioned medium, however, points out that the interruption could be extended for several months, leaving the production chains on the air. What do we know about the attack. The first thing that confirmedThe company was that their systems had been compromised and that some data were affected, although it pointed out that there was no evidence of theft of customer information. In parallel, a Telegram channel spread messages attributed to Lapsus $, Shinyhunters and Scatrtred Spider, with screenshots and the statement of having accessed the company’s source code. However, this type of displays should be taken cautiously. Specialists cited by The Wall Street Journal They estimate that each day without production is about seven million dollars in sales not made. The company has chosen to continue paying its workers despite the fact that the plants remain closed, a measure that mitigates work voltage but increases financial pressure. The result is an invoice that grows day by day, even before evaluating the technical damage of the attack. Domino effect. Beyond the factories, the crisis is transmitted to the workshops and suppliers that supply Jaguar Land Rover. Some 100,000 people work in that gear that delivers pieces to the exact rhythm required by the assembly line. Every day without production complicates the treasury of small and medium enterprises, which depend almost exclusively on keeping the connection with the JLR plants open. Safe against cyber attacks. According to Reutersthe company did not close a policy to cover losses and costs derived from a computer attack. It was being intermediate by Lockton, a global insurance broker. This suggests that JLR was without specific coverage when the incident occurred. The British government has been dragged into the crisis. Two ministers held meetings in JLR to analyze how to reactivate production. In parallel, the Executive considers an unusual plan: to acquire pieces of suppliers to support their treasury and place them in the market when production starts again. The sector, however, questions how to decide what to buy and where to store the components, which leaves the proposal in an exploratory phase. Will sales be lost? Despite the break, the company is not completely unfit. The aforementioned American newspaper indicated that their country’s dealers had an inventory equivalent to 113 days of sales, one of the highest levels in the sector. That mattress can absorb part of the commercial impact in the short term. The problem appears if unemployment extends until November, with losses of 3.5 billion pounds in revenues (about 4,009 million euros). Jaguar Land Rover’s crisis is not limited to a manufacturer stopped by a computer attack. It exposes to what extent the modern automotive depends on digital systems that can become invisible until the day they fail. In a sector accustomed to measuring every second of production, a blockade like this not only paralyzes factories and suppliers, it also introduces a new variable in the equation, resilience against threats that no longer arrive from markets or road, but from a system. Images | Loris Marie | Martin Katler In Xataka | China has the largest censorship system in the world. Now he has decided to export it and sell it to other countries

What is the ‘wounded man’, the most unfortunate creature of the entire Middle Ages: sick, beaten and sewn to Sabblazos

No matter what happened to you, how bad the week has gone, if you are exhausted after climbing and lowering boxes during a move, you have injured yourself, you have a fever, you have given positive in Covid or yesterday you cut the piss while cooking. No matter how bad that you find yourself and a lot that you suffer is impossible that you are worse than the ‘Wounded man ‘. If there is a unfortunate character in history, one mistreated to the limit, that is him. Nor the Biblical Job. My Héctor dragged by Achilles. Not Julio César with The gross frame dagger. He Wounded man It is the most suffering creature of creation for a very simple reason: it was created for that, to suffer, to support all the hardships imaginable by medieval minds. And yet there we see it in the codices of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, with resigned expression, almost unstimated. The wounded man? Exact. It is probably one of the most unfortunate names (and also one of the least original) in the history of humanity; But thus, ‘wounded man’ (‘Wound Man’), is how the diagram is known that for centuries, approximately Between the XV and XVIalthough some outstanding examples can also be found The XVIIillustrated the surgery manuals. The term says it all. The injured man was a representation in which the aesthetic and medical criteria were combined to basically show that: an “injured man.” Although saying so is to fall short. The character was a compendium of catastrophes, a creature that gathered all kinds of injuries, infections and various ailments. Virtually all misfortunes that fit in a medieval mind. Eejmplo of wounded man collected in a treaty of the Wellcom Collection. A pistoning with legs. If it is true that saying that a picture is worth a thousand words, the injured man is his greatest exponent. The figure is not only “injured.” If we showed us the portrait of a real staff, of flesh and blood, it is most likely to be unable to stand up. Not all versions are the same, but usually the injured man used to be crossed by swords, daggers, spears and arrows (some look, others have the cut tip), beaten by garrotes, full of blood cuts and with thorns stuck in the feet. Is there more? Yes. They have also bitten snakes and dogs, has run into poisonous toads and have chopped bees and scorpions. And the above is only ‘skin outside’. Inside the panorama was not much better. The images show it full of bubones that suggest that it has contracted the plague and with smallpox marks. In A particularly ruthless example of the wounded man, prepared in the XV and that today is preserved in the funds of the London’s Wellcom Collection, he is seen with a curtured penis while one of his testicles has an aspect that invites us to think that he suffers a venereal. A medieval celebrity. Today your image may surprise us (or even look exotic), but in its day, during the low Middle Ages and the beginning of the Modern Age, the wounded man was a relatively popular topic in European medical treaties. Jack Hartnellprofessor of the Univerisity of East Anglia and who has dedicated him several Essayscalculate that it has been found at least A dozen of examples in medieval manuscripts and more than twenty manuals printed in the modern age. And those are just known cases. Wounded man preserved in a xylography in the Wellcomo collection. A long (and extensive) trip. “The first known versions appeared at the beginning of the XV in books on the surgical trade, particularly in works by southern Germany related to the famous surgeon Würzburg Ortolf von Baierland,” says Hartenell in An article Posted in Public Domain Review. Interestingly, despite his battered appearance, the injured man survived the fifteenth century, the Middle Ages and the handwritten codices and sneaked into the manuals created with The new technology of printing. In 1497 we found him on the cover of a book on Strasbourg Surgery and In 1678 We can still observe it in the pages of the ‘Full Speech of the Wounds’, of the London surgeon John Browne. The wounded man lived enough to mistreat him with new weapons, not only spears, swords, daggers, arrows and clubs. In 1517 the German military surgeon Hans von Gerdorff included a version in Your field manual in which he saw how the unfortunate man was shot with cannon bullets to the hands and legs. And what exactly did it serve? Good question. Difficult response. And the reason is that its meaning, its role, the purpose it had in the surgical manuals that it illustrated, could vary over time. They recognize it From the well collection, custodian of one of the most fascinating versions that are preserved, the only English specimenincluded in a medical treaty in the late XV. “Its exact purpose is still somewhat mysterious, but presumably served as a reminder of the wounds to which the human body is prone,” He recounts The British institution. At least in some of the first versions, the injured man was accompanied by numerous annotations related to each of his injuries, sometimes more or less extensive texts accompanied by figures, which reinforces his role as a diagram. “A human index”, In words of Hartnell. In the ‘Das Buch der Clurgia’, 1497 manual, we already see it however Free of annotations. Example extracted from a Strasbourg Treaty of 1519. Art or science? Its extensive trajectory and those changes over time has led to different interpretations about what its exact use could be. Hartnell points out, for example, that at least in his first versions he served as a didactic guide, a conductive thread of the manual that facilitated its handling to the surgeon. In A German specimen From the XV we see the character surrounded by numbers and phrases, each related to a different ailment (a sablazo, a bite, an arrow … Read more

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