In 1856, while working on a limestone quarry Near Düsseldorf, two Italian workers found a basin full of bones. They thought they were the remains of a bear and brought them to a professor from a nearby city, known to be a bone collector. They had no idea what they were about to do.
When he saw the bones, Johann C. Fuhlrott realized that they were not from a bear, he took the bones to the University of Bonn and, together with Hermann Schaaffhausen, they communicated the discovery to the world. Nobody took them very seriously. It was even said that he was a Russian Cossack with rickets who pursued Napoleon through Europe.
Until almost a decade later, the Anglo-Irish geologist William King came to a revolutionary conclusion: that we had not always been alone.
But why are we now? With the discovery of Homo neanderthalensis many unknowns were openedbut there is one that has been haunting us for almost 200 years: why did they disappear? How is it possible that a species so ancient, so robust, that had survived so many things, simply disappeared? Why had we been left alone?
Throughout all these years, scientists have come up with numerous hypotheses and theories. From prehistoric genocides to a slow and agonizing eclipse. However, Ludovic Slimak, researcher at the Center for Anthropobiology and Genomics of Toulouse and one of the leading international experts on Neanderthals, have another idea.
The forms of love (and what love is not). For Slimak, if we apply the knowledge of cultural anthropology to what paleogenetics is telling us, the picture is quite different. And, as in all traditional societies in which strong identities coexist, it seems that the different human communities exchanged women.
From our perspective, mere expression is already savage. But from the perspective of anthropology, those “family crossing” processes were basic to ensure stable alliances between different communities. And that, if we take into account that we are loaded with Neanderthal DNA, seems to be what happened. However, as Slimak points outthis “fusion” of lineages never fully occurred. The question is why.
A (genetically) impossible story. We know that Neanderthals and Sapiens interbred and they had offspring. But we also know that, although the communities tried to establish these relationships and alliances based on miscegenation, things did not work.
It was thought that many of the descendants of these relationships were sterile people unable to reproduce. But, as explained Platt, Harris and Tishkoff in February 2026everything seems to indicate that it was mating preferences and sexually biased breeding that decided which Neanderthal DNA survived and which was lost.
Searching. It’s curious, said Slimak in an interview for LiveSciencethat “when you’re looking for ancient DNA (from 40,000 to 45,000 years ago) all of these sapiens early have recent Neanderthal DNA, and that’s why we have (neanderthal DNA) today. But when you arrive and try to extract DNA from the last Neanderthals, contemporaries of these first sapiensLet’s say that between 40,000 and 50,000 years ago there was not a single Neanderthal with DNA sapiens“.
In 2025, Slimak came to describe Neanderthal disappearance as “a kind of suicide” due to isolation and social fragmentation. Curious and very possibly one of the keys that explain why the most numerous and genetically diverse population of sapiens won the game over the Neanderthals. That is, why we are left alone.
A previous version of this article was published in February 2024
Image | Suchosch
In Xataka | We usually see Neanderthals as a different species, what if we are wrong?
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