This is how climate change multiplied the devastation of the DANA in Valencia

October 29, 2024 was marked as one of the most tragic days in the recent history of Spain due to the DANA that hit the region of Valencia and left 230 fatalities, billions in economic losses and rainfall that shattered records. And it is no wonder, because in stations like Turís, they accumulated 771.8 mm in just 16 hours and the national record for rainfall in one hour was broken with 184.6 mm. And now investigations are emerging about it. Climate change. We know that this effect is altering the hydrological cycle at a global level, but now a new and exhaustive published study in Nature led by researcher Carlos Calvo-Sancho, has managed to measure exactly how and how much this storm was ‘doped’ by blame for anthropogenic global warming. And the most interesting thing is that it opens the door to the fact that these phenomena may be more common in the coming years. Pure physics. Days after the disaster, rapid attribution initiatives such as Attribution and ClimaMeter They had already estimated, according to the most basic parameters, that this meteorological event had been twice as likely and 13% more intense due to climate change. Although at that time it was simply preliminary data that required confirmation and above all ‘sitting down’ to analyze it well. That analysis has arrived many months later in a new work that goes far beyond these quick figures and focuses on the physical fundamentals. Here the researchers used very high resolution simulations under an approach called ‘Pseudo-Global Warming’. A simulation. This approach is nothing more than recreating the October 2024 storm on a computer to see the devastation that occurred and then simulating it again by removing the effects of global warming from the formula. This is achieved by returning the atmosphere to the conditions of the pre-industrial era, which is like a reference point when talking about climate change. The data. By comparing both simulated worlds, the supercomputer results showed the tremendous impact of the human hand on the storm. The most interesting results that were obtained can be summarized in four different points: Six-hour rainfall rates intensified by 21% under current weather conditions. The territory affected by rains exceeding 180 liters per square meter, which for the AEMET is the red notice limit, was expanded by 55%. The total volume of water falling directly on the Júcar River basin increased by 19%. The intensity of rain in one hour increased at a rate of 20% for each degree Celsius of temperature, something that is very relevant. And to understand it, we have to go to the Clausius-Clapeyron relationship, which dictates that the atmosphere should retain 7% more water vapor for each extra degree of temperature. Something that was duplicated here. Because?. Here the question that many people can ask, both from the affected areas and from other parts of Spain, is clear: Why did it rain so much more than what the basic theory dictated? Here the science suggests that it all started with unusually high temperatures on the surface of the Mediterranean Sea, which reached record levels in the summer of 2024. This injected a huge amount of water vapor into the system, and when comparing the current simulation with the pre-industrial one, the scientists detected, among other things, an 11.9% increase in the water that could precipitate or 11.9% more violent and faster updrafts. The perfect cocktail. In short, the greater amount of water evaporated in the sea by high temperatures and air not only caused more rain, but also triggered an aerodynamic and thermal domino effect that made the storm much larger, longer lasting and more destructive than could be expected. Towards the future. These findings are important to understand exactly what happened here, but they also raise a big warning: extreme hydrometeorological phenomena in the western Mediterranean are evolving aggressively. In this way, the study highlights that the future scenarios projected by climatologists are already here, making it urgent and vital that we rethink our urban planning and our adaptation strategies to prepare for storms that are going to be increasingly more aggressive, as we keep seeing. Images | EMU Chris LeBoutillier In Xataka | Some say worrying about climate change is a “first world problem.” A macro survey proves him right

There is a word that has multiplied exaggeratedly in scientific articles for a reason: ChatGPT likes it

That there are academic articles written by AI is something that has been proven beforethe question is how serious it is. To know the magnitude of this practice, a group of researchers has reviewed millions of paper abstracts published in PubMed and have found something interesting: there is a word that the AI ​​loves and the reason why it likes it so much is quite murky. Delve. Its translation is ‘go deeper’ and its use multiplied by 28 between 2022 and 2024, which coincidentally coincides with the boom of ChatGPT and language models. Other words such as ‘underscore’ or ‘showcasing’ are also cited, with a frequency increase of x13.8 and x10.7 respectively. None of them are a noun or a word related to the content, but rather have more to do with the style of writing and are very characteristic of the flowery language that LLMs usually use. flowery language. Does this mean that if we see one of these words in a paper it was written with AI? Not necessarily, but the increase is brutal. Researchers have compared the rise of ‘delve’ to other keywords, such as pandemic, which had a huge peak in 2020 and began to decline in 2021. The increase in the frequency of use of ‘delve’ is much more pronounced than all the others. It’s not coincidental. There is a stage in the process of creating a chatbot like ChatGPT that requires human intervention to fine-tune the responses; This is what is known as reinforcement learning from human feedback (for its acronym in English). RLHF). It turns out that most of the workers who are dedicated to this refining work are in African countries, such as Nigeria. guess where The use of these words in formal English is quite common. Exactly, in Nigeria. African style. ‘Delve’ is a fairly common word in business English in Africa, especially in Nigeria, and it is not the only one. There are also others like ‘leverage’, ‘explore’ or ‘tapestry’ that are more common in African English. According to 311institutealthough human feedback is very small compared to the enormous amounts of training data, it has a great impact since it is what defines the tone of the model when responding to us. Data labeling. It is a key step for training large language models and requires humans to be behind it. The problem is that the majority of workers who dedicate themselves to this are from impoverished countries such as Nigeria, Kenya or India, among others. In case the endless days and the ridiculous salaries were not enough, many times workers must review violent and very explicit imagesall without any type of psychological support. In Xataka | Being a porn moderator is not fun at all. He was exposed to “extreme, violent, graphic and sexually explicit content” Image | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases in Unsplash

His name is KH-101, he multiplied in the air and Russia has thrown him against civilians

The Spiderweb Operation On Russian air bases he revealed that Moscow’s bombers were ready and armed with KH-101 cruise missiles For an imminent offensive. We talk about an intercontinental gun, which allows them to attack objectives throughout the Ukrainian territory without abandoning Russian airspace. Empharged with pools, electronic countermeasures and 400 kilos, these missiles have become one of the pillars of the Russian offensive. Moscow ended them “vitamin” and has signed up directly to civilians. Cluster head. He Russian attack of July 11 against the Ukrainian city of Chernivtsi has confirmed the operational use of a variant of the KH-101 cruise missile equipped with A cluster headmarking a dangerous evolution in the use of Russian strategic armament. In the images filmed From an apartment During the attack, a missile is observed descending at acute angle followed by multiple successive explosions, typical characteristics of a submunition load. The impact left two deadfourteen injured and considerable damage in civil infrastructure, including residential and administrative buildings, as well as vehicles. The most alarming thing is that the target was at scarce kilometers from RomaniaNATO Member State, which underlines the growing closeness of Russian attacks to the borders of the Atlantic Alliance. KH-101: Now more expansive. He KH-101known by NATO as AS-23a Kodiak, is a cruise missile launched from the air, developed by Russia for long-range attack missions with low detection profile. In service since the early 2010 and tested previously in Syriahas a range that can exceed 4,000 kilometers. Launched from Strategic bombers TU-95ms or TU-160, has been used extensively Since the beginning of large -scale invasion in 2022, mainly against energy infrastructures and Ukrainian military objectives. The recently used version, equipped with a cluster head, represents a significant change in The operational doctrinenow oriented towards attacks on urban areas or distributed whites, such as aerial defenses, landing tracks, deposits or vehicle groups. The KH-101 Submunitions and implications. The cluster ammunition They disperse dozens or even hundreds of small pumps or “bombings” over a wide area, increasing the surface of destruction, but also the long -term risk. Many of these submunitions do not detonate when impacting and remain active, representing a Mortal threat for years for the civilian population. Although the use of these weapons It is prohibited by the Convention on Munitions in Racimoneither Russia nor Ukraine have signed the treaty, which allows their employment No legal consequences direct, although in open contradiction with international humanitarian law. The use of a version of the KH-101 with these characteristics about a densely populated city confirms a deliberate will to increase the psychological and human impact of bombings. Adaptations and technical evolution. It is not the first time that modifications are observed in the KH-101 during the war. I know They had documented versions with double explosive load, combining a conventional eye with a fragmentation, as well as equipped variants With infrared flares and electronic countermeasures designed to evade aerial defense. Some of these configurations reduce the range of the missile due to the greater weight or lower fuel capacity, although this factor is not relevant when whites are within Ukraine. The Appearance in 2024 of remains of a modified war head had already suggested the use of this version with submunitions, and its existence was subsequently confirmed by Russian military sources and specialized channels linked to the Kremlin, which highlighted its usefulness against distributed objectives that until then were difficult to achieve effectively. KH-101 missiles under the wings of a TUPOLEV TU-95 Chernivtsi: The symbolic border of the conflict. The fact that the missile was used against Chernivtsia city of the West of Ukraine located just 30 kilometers from Romania raises the strategic dimension of the incident. Not only is it the use of a long -range weapon and high cost against a civil objective, but also the implicit message that Russia launches when we place these attacks next to the NATO borders. No doubt: although the KH-101 has been used frequently during the war, its adaptation to carry submunitions and its use in areas so close to allied territory constitutes a form of Psychological pressure and geopolitics difficult to ignore. Mass production It is the last leg to analyze: the Russian capacity to sustain and even increase the production of KH-101 despite international sanctions. In the beginning, about 56 units were manufactured a year, however, in 2024 Russia has managed to climb production 50 missiles per monthwith plans to exceed 600 in 2025. This increase has been achieved through the use of components Imported from China and a network of screen companies to avoid the technological restrictions imposed by the West. In other words, Kremlin not only maintains its strategic offensive capacity, but also expands it, incorporating new technological improvements and variants adapted to the theater of operations. Growing threat. In short, the appearance of KH-101 with cluster head in the Ukrainian conflict indicates a doctrinal evolution in the way Russia uses its precision arsenal. Although before They were reserved These missiles to attack critical infrastructure, their use against residential areas and with a type of prohibited load For much of the international community, it suggests an oriented strategy to brutal deterrenceterror and saturation of defenses. The precedent also opens the door to future similar attacks, and highlights the urgency of strengthening air defense systems in western Ukraine and in border areas with NATO countries. The KH-101 is no longer just a precision missile: now it is A versatile platformadapted for multiple functions, and whose presence represents a direct, even symbolic threat, for the stability of the European eastern flank. Image | UKRAINIAN MINISTRY OF DEFENSE, RUSSIAN MINISTRY OF DEFENSE, VSLV, Dmitry Terekhov In Xataka | Russian Shahed drones were the deadliest weapon in Ukraine. Now they are the anticipation of something much worse: the double impact In Xataka | Machines capturing and prisoners were the preserve of science fiction. Until the war in Ukraine arrived

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