they used feces as medicine

The Roman Empire built an impressive sewage network and multiple public buildings for hygiene such as baths and latrines. However, we know that they lived in high fecal contamination conditions and that Rome, despite the efforts of the Romans, it didn’t smell good. Because well, it is one thing to have an advanced infrastructure and another to have bacteriological understanding. In fact, texts by classical authors such as the naturalist Pliny the Elder speak clearly about using excrement to cure diseases. However, there was no evidence that these fecal remedies were actually applied because ancient medicine was partly a hodgepodge of theoretical formulas that did not always reach the patient. Until now: a chemical analysis of a medicine bottle from Roman times published in the Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports confirms it: the Romans thought that excrement was medicinal. A “perfume” bottle with remains. Archeology professor at the University of Cumhuriyet (Turkey) Cenker Atila was working in the warehouses of the Pergamon Museum when he noticed that several glass jars from the 2nd century AD still contained a crust of residue, so he set out to find out what was there. After selecting a candelabra-shaped one called an unguentarium normally intended for storing perfume or makeup, Atila and his research team carefully scraped the residue and passed it through a gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometrywhich is used to analyze and quantify traces of compounds within complex mixtures with a high degree of effectiveness. What the analysis discovered. The GC-MS results returned compounds such as coprostanol and 24-ethylcoprostanol, which are biomarkers produced solely and exclusively from human and animal digestion. This finding constitutes the first direct chemical evidence that the Romans used feces for therapeutic purposes. It must also be taken into account that the bottle comes from Bergama (the ancient Pergamon), the birthplace of Galenthe physician par excellence of the Roman Empire. The famous surgeon lived there between 129 and 216 AD. C., a period that fits with the dating of the bottle. And wouldn’t that ointment smell bad? The results also showed the presence of carvacrol, which is the characteristic aromatic compound of thyme. The research team proposes that Roman doctors mixed feces with herbs with an intense aroma, such as the aforementioned thyme or oregano, to mask the smell, something that makes the treatment more bearable. It’s not that strange. Beyond the joke of imagining someone spraying themselves with feces, the reality is that excrement is currently used for healing, (in a way) in the form of fecal microbiota transplants for serious intestinal infections such as Clostridioides difficile. In this, Roman doctors were ahead of their time. In Xataka | Rome defeated Hannibal and Viriatus, but its soldiers fell to something much more mundane: diarrhea In Xataka | Depositions, excrements and other garbage: a very brief fecal history of the challenges (social and health) that remain to be resolved Cover | Clayton Majona and Heinz Schneider

They became millionaires searching for dinosaur feces

Finding gold, diamonds or oil has been the origin of many of the greatest fortunes in history. A stroke of luck or investing in excavations in the right area and at the right time were the key to amassing an enormous fortune. However, sometimes that fortune comes with much less “glamorous” finds. In the United Kingdom at the beginning of the 19th century, coming across the remains of a dinosaur was very striking. But encounter his feces could become a lucrative business made many millionaires lucky. There’s a new gold: dinosaur dung At the beginning of the 19th century, the famous fossil hunter Mary Anning He came across some strange dark and irregularly shaped nodules on the coast of Dorset, a county in the south of England. The paleontologist studied these strange fossilized remains and discovered that they were full of fish scales and small fragmented bones trapped in their structure. That intrigued experts who began studying them in more detail. In 1829, the geologist William Buckland examined them and determined that these remains were fossilized feces of ichthyosaurs and called them coprolites, kopros (dung in Greek) and lithos (stone). These fossils from the Lower Cretaceous (110 million years ago) were preserved in soft, phosphate-rich seabeds. As the writer Martin Sayers highlighted in an article in History Extraalthough they looked like common rocks, their high mineral content triggered a unexpected “gold rush” to find them. in 1845 John Stevens Henslowa Cambridge professor, revealed that these curious fossils not only had a paleontological interestbut they also contained up to 40% phosphoric acid that they had absorbed from the clay soil, and it was perfect for compost after grinding it and treating it with sulfuric acid. William Buckland analyzed coprolites After the Napoleonic Wars, the United Kingdom, like the rest of Europe, suffered a pressing shortage of food, so the fertilizer use that increased crop productivity skyrocketed. In this context, finding raw materials to manufacture these fertilizers became a lucrative business. That is where the depositions that the dinosaurs were dispersing throughout what is now southwestern England come into play. Coprolite fever According to Sayers’ account, in 1858, Robert Walton leased land in Cambridge for £200 per acre per year, which was in itself a small fortune. His intention was to create one of the first open air mines to extract in an industrialized way the numerous coprolites that had been found in the area. The starting signal was given for a business that made many seekers millionaires. Coprolite mine in Trumpington (Cambridge) According the studies At St Mary’s Twickenham University in London, thousands of miners flocked to the area and deep shafts were dug to extract the coveted dinosaur droppings. With its extraction not only did the businessman earn a lot of money, he also paid very juicy salaries. A miner earned 10 shillings a day washing and sorting coprolites, twice as much as a farmer. This caused all agricultural activity in the area to become mining, industrializing the southern part of the United Kingdom. The demand for labor was such that workers and coprolite seekers began to arrive from all corners of the country, making the “coprolite fever“. Fossilized dinosaur poop fetched £3 a ton, and a mine like the one Walton had created produced around 300 tonnes of coprolite. That is to say, if you had enough money to pay the rent for the land and the labor, the profitability of the extraction could make you earn a lot of money. This unleashed madness in Cambridgeshire, Suffolk and Bedfordshire. From 1850, local and foreign miners flooded the county, excavating areas of southern England like burwellReach or Coldham’s Common with simple methods: dig holes 6 to 10 meters deep and scoop out clay with buckets or carts to filter its contents and find the valuable coprolites. According to the historical recordslocal production reached 90% of British phosphate, some 54,000 tons annually in 1877, valued at more than £150,000 a year. The data points Because, in 1874, the dinosaur dung industry contributed around 628,000 pounds annually to the British economy, exceeding by more than 20,000 pounds the contribution made by materials such as tin, which in those years was a key product in United Kingdom exports. The risk of extraction was very high because the clay terrain made the excavations prone to collapses, burying the workers, and diseases from contaminated water plagued the camps of coprolite seekers. Even so, the fever lasted decades and was revived during World War I, driven by demand for phosphorus to make ammunition for the army. However, once declared the armistice in 1918the coprolite mines in the United Kingdom were sealed again and all the product was imported from the US, where the coprolites were closer to the surface and their extraction was much simpler and cheaper. In Xataka | Seven of the ten largest fortunes in the world in 2026 are due to AI: this illustrative graph makes it very clear Image | Unsplash (David Valentine), Wikimedia Commons (United States Geological Survey, Diego Delso, National Portrait Gallery), Cambridgeshire Collections

They are the feces of their soldiers

The United States Navy is experiencing a contradiction that very few could anticipate: while maintains a superiority global in tonnage, scope and technology, carries a series of daily maintenance and sustainment problems that erode its image and, in the long run, its real availability. The clearest example is most advanced nuclear aircraft carrier and an enemy that cannot be mute for five years: feces. The great paradox. As we will see, it is not just a matter of ugly photos or internal anecdotes, it is rather the sum of small breakdowns and material degradation that has ended up becoming an operational burden. And the most striking thing is that these failures appear on both veteran ships and cutting-edge platforms. War, but against feces. The most advanced and expensive nuclear aircraft carrier on the planet, the USS Gerald R. Fordhas been encountering for more than five years an adversary that has no flag or missiles: its own sanitation system. The V.C.H.T.a vacuum system to collect, store and transfer waste, has repeatedly jammed and caused breakdowns since the ship entered service, to the point that during its deployment in 2023 the problems They became almost daily. The irony is brutal: a colossus conceived to project power for weeks without touching port is conditioned by an internal circuit that collapses due to something as basic as evacuating human waste. A lesson not learned. The most serious thing is that Ford’s problem is not new, but rather the second chapter of an error that had already given very clear signs. The last Nimitz, the USS George H.W. Bushwas the first large ship of the US Navy to incorporate a vacuum system of this type, and in 2011 it had all 423 toilet bowls out of service simultaneously on two occasions. That degraded life on board to absurd levels, with sailors urinating in showers or sinks industrial, using bottles and, in the case of many women, enduring so much that they ended up with health problems. The pattern was already written, and yet it was repeated on the ship called to be the symbol of modernization naval. Limited resistance. The VCHT is similar to systems used on cruise ships due to its efficiency in water, but on an aircraft carrier complexity becomes its worst enemy. The network moves waste by suction through hundreds of km of pipes to treatment tanks, and the design has a structural fragility: If one section loses pressure due to a blockage, all bathrooms can be unusable. This is not a minor failure, because it causes a habitability crisis and forces staff time to be spent on continuous repairs, just the opposite of what the ship promised. In an environment where the ship is literally a floating city, sanitation is not a detail, It is critical infrastructure. Toilets on the USS Ford The price of “throwing”. The partial solution that has been identified is as revealing as it is depressing: acid washed periodically to clean the system, something not planned as a routine throughout the life of the vessel. Each operation can cost more than $400,000and it also cannot be done on the high seas because it requires maintenance facilities and adds technical and environmental complications, which chains the problem to shipyard windows. The result: not only are pipes clogged, the ideal of total logistical autonomy that justifies a nuclear superaircraft carrier is also clogged. And in the midst of an era of budget pressure, this turns a key piece of naval power into a platform that requires very expensive “rituals” to function as something as basic as a bathroom. Bathrooms on the USS Enterprise Human factor and design. The Navy has attributed part of the problem to throw inappropriate objectsfrom clothing to utensils to hygiene products, which sounds plausible on a ship with thousands of people living in stressful conditions. But the truly revealing fact is that a GAO report pointed out that the system was undersized for a ship with more than 4,000 crew members, which shifts the blame from individual behavior to industrial design. If an infrastructure does not tolerate realistic use of its population objective, it does not point to a failure of discipline, but to a failure applied engineering. At that point, the aircraft carrier stops being a “technological miracle” and becomes an overly optimistic experiment. Gerald R. Ford during construction in Newport News, along with his construction crew, 2013 Even the bathroom is political. In the Ford, in addition, a concept was introduced that in theory increased the flexibility of accommodation: bathrooms neutral without urinals. That triggered other frictions, because each toilet occupies more space than a urinal and the majority of the crew is still male, which multiplies uses and stress on the system during peak hours. Here, more than a cultural debate, everything points to a debate of physical efficiency within a hull where every meter counts, and where the habitability design has a direct impact on the load on the pipes. In the end, what seemed like a “modern” improvement may have added complexity and stress to an infrastructure that I was already going to the limit. Rust on American warship Rust on deck. If the Ford case is embarrassing, the rust on ships surface is grotesque because it is public, because it is the first thing anyone sees when a destroyer enters port. The Navy recognize that for years has “ignored” the corrosion problem because there was always another emergency. The trigger to prioritize it: Trump got it an image of the USS Dewey with “rust dripping” and that made it a top-notch affair. The technical manager summed it up with a devastating phrase: “We know what to do, but we choose not to do it.” Simple solutions. They were on TWZ The ironic part is that many anti-rust measures sound almost insultingly simple, like using better resistant paintsimprove drains to divert water, or incorporate materials less prone to corrode. It also seeks to reduce the workload and the margin … Read more

that our feces do not fall into oblivion

For decades, the intimacy of the bathroom was a forbidden territory even for the most invasive technology, a space culturally shielded from the modern obsession with constant body measurement. However, what a long time ago started in Japanaims to become the gold egg mine of the West: the business of human feces. The unexpected rise of “fecal data”. Bloomberg remembered it in a piece this past weekend that began with a scene that occurred recently and that symbolized the turning point: a gastroenterologist holding in hands a piece of feces dried on the set of a podcast, debating their form as if evaluating a piece of sculpture. The fascination by intestinal transitpreviously relegated to the clinical setting or to certain biohacker nicheshas jumped to the mainstream driven by an industry that identifies in fecal matter a vast new territory of data capable of anticipating diseases, adjusting lifestyle habits and recording dimensions of health that until now escaped the digital radar. What began as humor, modesty or taboo has become the basis of an emerging market in which bathroom technology giants and biomedical startups see a completely virgin field comparable, in potential, to the early days of the smart watch. From taboo to smart device. The jump is not accidental. The almost simultaneous appearance of two products from giants in the sector (the line Neorest by Toto and the sensor Kohler Dekoda) demonstrates that the industry has decided to turn the toilet into an ecosystem of continuous physiological analysis. For companies that have been innovating in the domestic environment for decades, the bathroom represented the last intact space, and at the same time the most intimate and emotionally charged, a place where people isolate themselves, reflect and lower their defenses. The new devices are supported precisely in that stillness: algorithms, optical sensorsspectroscopy and small cameras work silently to analyze parameters such as color, consistency, volume, hydration, hidden blood or patterns linked to gastrointestinal inflammation. In the Toto model, the toilet itself take the initiative: illuminates the material, captures its fall, compares it with the Bristol clinical scale and sends conclusions to the user’s mobile phone in less than a minute. They are systems that do not require discipline, manual registration or will: the bathroom operates as an automatic laboratory integrated into the daily routine. Toto’s Nearest The clinical leap. Although at first glance it may seem like a technological extravagance, the medical logic behind these devices is compelling. The specialists they underline that serious diseases (from inflammation to colon cancer) begin to manifest themselves subtly in the fecal pattern months or even years before severe symptoms appear. Hence a toilet capable to detect changes before a patient reaches “six or eight bloody liquid stools” can literally save lives. In a context in which health systems increasingly treat pathologies associated with lifestyle, a discreet and automatic home detector is a prevention tool. first order. For vulnerable people or groups with a higher incidence of intestinal diseases, technology can shorten diagnostic times, avoid hospitalizations and reduce healthcare costs through continuous monitoring that was previously unthinkable. From Japan to Silicon Valley. The expansion of the sector is not limited to Asia: American companies like Toi Labs They have oriented their technology towards nursing homes, hospitals and care centers, where the taboo disappears in the face of necessity. In that area, the fecal monitoring provides critical information on hydration, nutrition, risk of infections and evolution of chronic pathologies. In parallel, researchers as Park Seung-min have taken innovation to the extreme, designing prototypes capable of identifying users through anal topographyan idea as bold as it was problematic that was finally discarded due to its obvious implication in terms of privacy. Your project evolved to Kanaria Healthwhich seeks to develop a toilet capable of acting as an early warning system, not only in digestivebut also in hormonal or metabolic processes, from ovulation to drug detection. Institutional interest in Asia and the United States confirms that governments see this technology as a public health instrument, capable of anticipating problems in vulnerable populations without increasing pressure on medical services. Kohler Dekoda Sensor The intimate dilemma. But this technological advance runs into the most delicate wall of the 21st century: privacy. Physiological data is, by its nature, much more sensitive than the pulses of a watch or the calories counted by an activity bracelet. In a scenario in which some governments have used health information to persecute citizens (as is happening in the United States after legal setbacks on reproductive rights) an inevitable question arises: who will guard the toilet data? Extreme cases, such as political leaders who travel with private bathrooms to avoid leaks, they serve as a reminder of the strategic value of these samples. For users, accepting a device that analyzes blood, hormones or illicit substances means trusting that this information will not be exploited, hacked or prosecuted. The challenge for the industry is to demonstrate that the health benefit outweighs this risk, generating safe, anonymous and shielded systems. Obsession and risk. The expansion of smart toilets also reveals a certain tension of our era: the balance between healthy monitoring and anxiety due to excess of data. As with fitness devices, there is a risk that users end up “chasing their own tail”, interpreting every minor variation as a problem to the point of paranoia. At this point, the experts remember that the real value is in medium-term trends, not in compulsive daily observation. For those who do not suffer from digestive diseases, the usefulness can (or should) be marginal if it is not integrated into a rational habit. Even so, the possibility of aligning diet, hydration and exercise with an objective intestinal pattern marks a qualitative leap in bodily self-knowledge. The immediate future. He advancement of the sector suggests that, in a few years, the smart toilet It will be as common as digital scales or air purifiers. The combination of cheap sensors, artificial intelligence and a growing culture of self-care pushes towards a domestic … Read more

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