We have been looking for the end of Neanderthals in weapons and climate for decades. A study proposes to look for it in the placenta

For decades, we have tried to explain why our species has persisted over time and Neanderthals don’t. We have blamed climate changeto competition for resources, to a supposed cognitive inferiority and even to the genetic assimilation. However, a new study suggests that the answer might not lie on the battlefield or in the weather, but in something much more intimate like the placenta. A new idea. In this case, science proposes a hypothesis controversial, since it suggests that Neanderthals could have become extinct, in part, due to genetic susceptibility extreme to preeclampsia. a disorder which is heard a lot today and which is nothing more than a hypertensive condition in pregnancy that can be lethal for both the mother and the fetuses. A price to pay. To understand the hypothesis, we must first understand the human “obstetric paradox”, since in our species we have an almost unique characteristic, which is deep hemochorial placentation. And it is something that may sound very bad, but it is actually necessary to feed a fetal brain as demanding as ours and that of Neanderthals. In this case, the placenta needs to aggressively invade the arteries of the uterus maternal to obtain maximum blood flow, although the problem is that it is something that carries a great risk. The possibilities. Faced with this invasion, the possibilities that open up are several. The first of them is that it works and that the fetus can develop its massive brain. But in the event that this fails, a great immunological and vascular reaction is unleashed in the mother, which is what we know as preeclampsia. This presents with severe hypertension, organ damage and risk of death for both the mother and the fetus. And it is a problem that today is quite significant among human pregnancies, but now science indicates that, although the Homo sapiens evolved a physiological “safety mechanism” to mitigate this impact, Neanderthals were not so lucky. A demographic winter. This study suggests that, as the Neanderthal brain grew, becoming larger than ours, its metabolic needs forced a increasingly aggressive placentation. The fact of penetrating further into the placenta significantly increases the risk of preeclampsia, and the problem is that Neanderthal women lacked the immune mechanism to tolerate this invasion. This is where researchers have created a scenario in which rates of preeclampsia and eclampsia in Neanderthals could have reached between 10% and 20% of all pregnanciescompared to much lower rates in preindustrial humans. The meaning. This scenario translates into logically devastating maternal and fetal mortality, and the direct consequence is that small and dispersed hunter-gatherer populations had a constant decline in reproductive success. And this is a much more effective death sentence than any war, since a sudden catastrophe is not necessary, but it is enough for more mothers and babies to die than are born over a few millennia for a species to end up disappearing. There is skepticism. Within the scientific world there are doubts about what is said in this study, since there is a lack of physical evidence to support this hypothesis. The first thing they point to is that there are no markers in the fossils that have been found that allow us to diagnose preeclampsia in a Neanderthal woman from 40,000 years ago. In addition to this, although we know genetic variants associated with the risk of preeclampsia in modern humans, such as genes linked to FLT1systematic screening of Neanderthal DNA has not yet been performed to confirm whether they possessed the “high-risk” variants or lacked the protective variants. Also like it. What makes this hypothesis attractive to biologists is that it fits with maternal-fetal conflict theory. As different previous reviews point out, pregnancy is not always a perfect cooperation, but rather a tense biological negotiation. In this case, the fetus “wants” more resources to survive, and the mother “wants” to limit that investment to survive and have future children. Preeclampsia is often the result of this conflict getting out of control, and so, if Neanderthals took the “big brain” strategy to the limit without developing the biological counterpart to protect the mother, their own reproductive biology could have become an evolutionary trap. Images | Nanne Tiggelman freestocks In Xataka | A mixture of 4,000 kilometers: we have the first detailed map of the coexistence between Neanderthals and Sapiens

Kim Kardashian put him fashionable, an influencer viralized him and science continues to say the same thing: he doesn’t eat placenta

All the people who have seen Games of Thrones —Ojo, Mini Spoiler – will remember that mythical scene in which Daenerys Targaryen devours a raw heart before a crowd. For this sequence, they used a heart made of solidified jam that The actress recalled Thus: “I knew bleach and raw pasta. I ate about 28 hearts during the days we shot that scene. Luckily, they gave me a spit because I vomited in him very often.” A brutal scene that, today, has claimed life more or less: a influencer Argentino, Lucas Gago, It has gone viral After publishing a video in which he eats – literally – the placenta of his newborn daughter. This act, recorded after home delivery, generated a wave of reactions in social networks: from astonishment to absolute rejection. Although for many it was simply one more provocation on the Internet, the video revived a debate that mixes biology, personal beliefs, celebrities and pseudoscience. From the viral to the origin. Although Gago’s case is extreme, the idea of ​​eating placenta is not new. In recent years, this practice, known as placentophagyHe has gained notoriety, especially since celebrities like Kim Kardashian They counted publicly that had consumed it encapsulated after giving birth, hoping to avoid postpartum depression. Since then, several public figures They have followed that pathpresenting it as a way of reconnecting with the natural or “reuse” what the body produces. An ancestral ritual? Even if that premise is repeated, the story does not support it. An ethnographic investigation that He has studied To 179 contemporary cultures has not found evidence that eating placenta after childbirth was common. Now, in the animal world the situation is different. A study, Posted in Ecology of Food and Nutritionhas observed that many mammals, such as primates, rodents and carnivores, do usually eat the placenta. According to researchers, this practice can help them reduce pain and activate care instincts towards their young. What do experts say? According to Mayo Clinicthere is no conclusive scientific evidence to prove benefits such as increased energy, improvement in breast milk production or prevention of mood disorders. In recent years, more and more people have begun to consume the placenta in capsules, believing that it is beneficial. However, Cleveland Clinic He has warned about the risks that this implies. In a recent article He explained That the placenta can contain bacteria or toxins accumulated during pregnancy, which could cause infections. Dr. Oluwatatosin Goje, an expert in infectious diseases, explained that consuming it, either raw, cooked Or in capsules, you could reintroduce those harmful agents in the body, representing a risk for both the mother and the baby if she is breastfeeding. Other uses of the placenta. In most hospital deliveries, the placenta is considered biological residue and is ruled out according to health protocols. Only in specific cases and under medical authorization, parents can request to keep it, something that is not always allowed or regulated in all countries. However, there are people who decide to keep it, as is the case of artists and filmmakers who have addressed this organ from a symbolic and performative perspective. For example, chef Eddie Lin made the documentary American Afterbirthin which The use of placentas is investigated In artistic, gastronomic and social contexts, proposing a cultural and provocative approach on the subject. The most recent case is that of the influencer Spanish Violet Mangriñán, who decided to plant a tree Using the placenta of her daughter Gala, in a gesture she considered spiritual and ecological. Trend or danger? What began as a striking gesture for social networks ended up awakening a much broader discussion about the limits between the natural, the symbolic and the safe. Although some public figures have contributed to popularize the idea of ​​consuming the placenta for its supposed benefits, science remains without supporting these practices and, on the other hand, alerts on possible risks. In a time where the intimate becomes viral and alternative, it disguises itself as healthy, it should be remembered that not everything we see on the Internet is a good idea to replicate. And that, although the human body is a biological miracle, not everything that comes out of it must go directly to the plate. Image | Unspash and Instagram Xataka | Is it healthy to eat an ice cream each and every day of summer? Science already has an answer

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