The Navy mapped Cádiz by hand 230 years ago with sickening precision. Today it helps us to see how it has changed

We tend to think of geography as a static canvas, unchanged by the passage of our short lives; however, when cartographic science It allows us to look into a window several centuries old, the reality is very different. And it is very different because the coast moves and changes, having in Spain a great example in the Bay of Cadizwhich has undergone a fascinating metamorphosis in recent centuries, and the secret to understanding it lies in a technical and scientific prodigy dated 1789. How it looks. We do not have (at the moment) a time machine to go back in our history, but we do have historical documents that do almost the same effect. One of the last analyzed has been the map of the port of Cádiz, a nautical chart which documents in obsessive detail what this region was like more than 230 years ago. A ‘Google Maps’. To understand the value of this document, you must travel to the period between 1783 and 1788. In the midst of the Enlightenment, the need to control the vital Atlantic routes required leaving behind approximate maps and embracing scientific rigor to be much more exact. Here was the brigadier of the Royal Navy Vicente Tofiño de San Miguel, then director of the Marine Guard Academies, who orchestrated the spectacular Maritime Atlas of Spain. The map of Cádiz, which is one of the 47 plates that make up this atlas, is a masterpiece of hydrographic engineering of the time. Outlined by the cartographer Felipe Bauzá and engraved by Fernando Selma, this 56.5 x 87 cm map mounted on canvas shows the cartography of the coast from Rota to the Sancti Petri river with a scale of 1:30,000. What makes it special. It is not only its aesthetics, but the data it contains by integrating precise toponyms, the exact location of the historic salt mines, military arsenals and even detailed bathymetric data mediated in “Castilian fathoms”. And with this basis, and after comparing it with the reality of the present, we can know how a piece of land has changed over time. The threat of sedimentation. Since 1726, the accumulation of sediments was a headache for maritime traffic in Cádiz as it is today. The cartographic comparison shows how the currents and the mouths of the rivers have been filling in parts of the bay, altering the natural draft and forcing the reconfiguration of port areas throughout the 19th and 20th centuries. The historic salt flats. In 1789, the map shows a vast and intricate network of salt mines that dominated the landscape, a crucial economic driver at the time since the value of salt was very high. But this has remained in the past, since the urban expansion of municipalities like Puerto Real and industrialization has devoured these salt flats. The coastal profile. In this case, comparisons between the past and present show us how the coastline has advanced and receded. In this way, areas that were previously estuaries or marshes are now dry land or port infrastructure that we have reclaimed from the sea, demonstrating the intense mark that man leaves on the environment. Anyone can see it. Fortunately, this piece of technological history is no longer confined to inaccessible display cases, since the National Geographic Institute It is available for download in its map library with the aim that any researcher can access it and draw conclusions like the ones we see today. Images | Nerea Garcia IGN In Xataka | One of the most impressive bridges in Europe is in Cádiz, it has a removable section and the largest span in Spain

You can save up to 435 euros if you hand in your old mobile

Google repeats once again movement with its Pixel. The Pixel 10 They arrived last summer, but the family was waiting for a new member who is about to land in stores. Yes, we are referring to the Google Pixel 10a, the cheapest of all, which comes to fight to be one of the best mid-range phones of the year. If you were waiting for it, this promo from the official store interests you: By handing over your old cell phone you can save up to 435 euros. Your old phone can save you a lot when you buy the Pixel 10a The new Google phone is part of the 549 euros (in its configuration with 128 GB of storage). Now, the Google Store once again has a promotion active as it already had with the Pixel 9a thanks to which we can save a good amount when handing over our old mobile phone. This, which is active from today until next March 18, can get us a refund of up to 435 euros. The final figure we will obtain It will depend on the mobile phone that we deliver. If we decide to opt for this promo, we will have a period of 30 days from when we receive our new Pixel 10a at home to send it. Once this is done, Google experts will analyze and review the device and, based on its condition, give us the appropriate refund. As we say, the valuation will depend on the model we deliver and its condition. Now, during this promo, Google Store will give us a bonus of 100 euros in the event that our device does not reach those 435 euros of maximum reimbursement that we can receive. We will not be able to obtain a figure greater than this, but it is interesting in case our mobile phone is old. The price could vary. We earn commission from these links A durable Pixel with a very good quality-price ratio This new Pixel 10a has what it takes to be a top option if you are looking for the best Android experience and have a tight budget. At the performance level we can expect great performancesince it mounts the Tensor G4 chip. This, the same one that brought all the Pixel 9 familyproved to be efficient and have more than enough for the most everyday apps and tasks. As a screen, we will have a 6.3-inch pOLED panel with a refresh rate of 120 Hz and a maximum brightness of 3,000 nits. The Pixel 10a will not only be great for watching movies or series, but its diagonal makes it ideal for those people who prefer to have a compact mobile phone. At the photography level, this Pixel relies on a dual camera system where a 48-megapixel main sensor and a 13-megapixel ultra-wide-angle camera are combined. It comes with a 5,100 mAh battery just like its predecessor, although in this case fast wired charging goes up to 30 W. Finally, as usual with Google phones, it is a Pixel that will have seven years of guaranteed updateswhich means that we have a durable mobile phone with us. All added to the fact that it brings the best of Gemini very integrated, making it a very complete phone that, if we hand over our old mobile, we can get it at a great price. Some of the links in this article are affiliated and may provide a benefit to Xataka. In case of non-availability, offers may vary. Images | Google In Xataka | The best mobile phones (2025), we have tested them and here are their analyzes In Xataka | The best quality-price mobiles (2025). Their analyzes and videos are here

Xiaomi, Samsung, iPhone phones and more with discounts of up to 50% at the Amazon Second Hand outlet

If you are thinking of changing your mobile phone, you should know that Amazon has a section Second Hand in which you can get refurbished smartphones and with a good discount. Below, we offer you a selection of the best models on offer. Xiaomi Poco C85 by 106.59 euros: 6.9 inches and with a 50 MP camera. Motorola Moto G85 by 138.58 euros: 6.67 inches and with Dolby Atmos. CMF Phone 2 Pro by 189.05 euros: with triple camera and 6.77 inches. Apple iPhone 17 by 930.23 euros: 6.3 inches and Front Center Stage camera. Samsung Galaxy S25 by 872.03 euros: 6.2 inches and triple camera. Xiaomi Poco C85 He Little C85 It is a cheap Xiaomi mobile, which stands out for its large capacity battery (6,000 mAh) and that supports fast charging at 33 W. You can get it now, in acceptable condition, for 106.59 euros. This cheap Xiaomi mobile has a 6.9 inch screen with Full HD+ resolution. Its processor is the MediaTek Helio G81 Ultra, with a RAM 6 GB and 128 GB of memory. Its main camera is 50 MP and it is a mobile phone with a fingerprint sensor on the side and facial unlocking with AI. Xiaomi POCO C85 – 6+128GB Smartphone The price could vary. We earn commission from these links Motorola Moto G85 With almost 200 euros off (compared to its usual RRP of 349 euros), you can now get this one on Amazon. Motorola Moto G85 by 138.58 eurosin acceptable condition. One of its most striking features is its impressive infinity edge design. Its screen is 6.67 inches and its speakers offer sound Dolby Atmos. Its camera is signed by Sony and is 50 MP and has optical image stabilization. It has a latest generation Snapdragon processor, 12 GB of RAM (expandable up to 24 GB) and 256 GB of storage. Moto g85 5G 24GB (12GB+12GB RAM Boost)/256GB The price could vary. We earn commission from these links If you are looking for a mobile with a different design from the restbut at an affordable price, this CMF Phone 2 Pro It is one of the ones we recommend in the Second Hand section of Amazon. You can buy it, in very good condition, for 189.05 euros. If there is something that characterizes this mobile phone, it is its space with AI, called Essential Key/Space. In this space you can save screenshots and text and voice notes. Its AMOLED screen is 6.77 inches and has a 50+50+8 MP triple rear camera. The price could vary. We earn commission from these links Apple iPhone 17 If you want a high-end mobile phone, you can save a few euros at the Amazon outlet for second-hand mobile phones by buying this iPhone 17. You can get it, specifically, by 930.23 euros in his version of 256GB and in very good condition. This is the base mobile new generation of iPhone. Its screen is 6.3-inch Liquid Retina. Mount the A19 chip and a Center Stage Front Camera and it is a mobile phone that has greater resistance to scratches. It also features an advanced 48MP Dual Fusion camera system. Apple iPhone 17 256GB The price could vary. We earn commission from these links Samsung Galaxy S25 Another high-end mobile that you can buy with a slight discount at the Amazon Second Hand outlet is this one. Samsung Galaxy S25. It is available, in very good condition and with 512GBby 872.03 euros. This is one of Samsung’s top phones and it is a compact phone, with a 6.2 inch screen. It has a Qualcomm Snapdragon 8 Elite processor and its battery supports fast charging at 25 W. As for its photographic system, it is made up of a 50+12+10 MP triple camera. The price could vary. We earn commission from these links Some of the links in this article are affiliated and may provide a benefit to Xataka. In case of non-availability, offers may vary. Images | Webedia, Xiaomi, Apple, Motorola, CMF by Nothing and Samsung In Xataka | The best mobile phones, we have tested them and here are their analyzes In Xataka | The best quality-price mobiles. Their analyzes and videos are here

Europe decides tomorrow whether to hand it over to telecos or Wi-Fi

The future of wireless networks needs high-capacity frequencies, such as the 6 Ghz band. It is a key frequency both for the advancement of WiFi, especially WiFi 7, and for mobile networks and the future 6Gthe problem is how it is going to be distributed. This is what European regulators are deciding, and we will know their verdict tomorrow. What is happening. Our colleagues tell it Xataka Mobile. He RSPG It is the body in charge of making decisions on the radio spectrum in Europe and is currently studying how to distribute the 6 Ghz band. As we said, it is a key frequency for high-capacity connectivity technologies, such as Wi-Fi 7 and the future 6G. The point is that there is a fight to get this precious band. On the one hand, the telecommunications operators, who want it for their mobile networks, and on the other, the Dynamic Spectrum Alliancewhich advocates free use of telecommunications. Two postures. Telecommunications companies, under the umbrella of the GSMA, they are pressing to use 6 Ghz exclusively, arguing that it is key both for the efficiency of 5G and for the future of 6G. The Dynamic Spectrum Alliance defends that WiFi is essential for connectivity in Europe, that using this band will be faster, more reliable and efficient. Why is it important. There is 480 Mhz in the lower part that is free for WiFi 6E and WiFi 7; What is at stake is the remaining 700 Mhz. The decision is important for the future of connectivity in Europe since, if the telecos win, WiFi 7 would lose more than half of its potential expansion capacity. In statements to The Register“would be devastating for the future of Wi-Fi technology in Europe. This spectrum is uniquely positioned to sustain the evolution of the Wi-Fi ecosystem and enable the next generation of digital innovation.” On the contrary, telcos defend the need to dedicate the band to mobile networks, which will strengthen Europe’s digital sovereignty. What have other countries done? The 6 Ghz band is not only a dilemma in Europe, other countries have also had to decide what to do with it. For example, in The United States decided to open the entire band to WiFi networkswhile in China they made the opposite decision: reserve the entire band for 5G and 6G. Verdict imminent. The date marked on the calendar for the RSPG to make a decision is November 12, 2025, tomorrow. However, this is an assessment and is not binding, but it will mark the path forward for the regulators of each country in the European Union. According to The Registerit seems that the group is more inclined towards granting use to mobile networks, with countries like Germany in favor of this option. Image |Pascal, Pexels In Xataka | Turning off the router at night: false myths, why it is better to leave it on and when it is better to leave it off

It will allow you to have erotic conversations… if you hand over your ID in exchange

OpenAI has announced that in December it will lift restrictions on erotic content on ChatGPT for verified adult users. The measure comes after months of complaints about the chatbot’s loss of “personality”, especially after the arrival of the serious GPT-5and represents a 180-degree turn in the company’s strategy, until now reluctant in contrast to Grok. Why is it important. This is the moment when OpenAI recognizes that without emotional (and sexual) intimacy it cannot compete with platforms like Character AIwhere its users spend up to two hours a day talking to their AI-partner. Erotic literature has existed since writing has existed. ChatGPT does not invent anything. It simply bridges the last gap between “useful tool” and “total emotional companion.” The context. Sam Altman had declared in August that he was “proud” not to have turned ChatGPT into a sexbot. Now he justifies the change under the principle of “treating adults like adults.” The reality is more prosaic: after supposedly mitigating mental health problems (two months after a lawsuit for the suicide of a teenager who used the platform), OpenAI believes that it can now afford to relax controls. The money trail. Character AI proved that erotic is a great glue to retain users. If OpenAI wants to monetize the engagement Really, you need to enter that field. Personalization of the assistant (with options for more human responses, use of emojis or “friend” behavior) is just the wrapper. Adult content is the new product. Yes, but. The toll to pay is something unprecedented: OpenAI will require age verification, presumably with an identity document. It is the largest exchange of privacy for service that such a technological platform has asked of us. The question is not whether there will be leaks of databases with erotic conversations linked to real, verified identities. The question is when and how many millions of users will be affected. The turn. OpenAI is building the metaverse that Meta couldn’t create, or at least not successfully. Only this is not visual, but conversational. Meta failed because no one wanted to be in its virtual worlds. But we do want to be in ChatGPT. And more with the restriction-free mode for emotional companionship and eroticism. The summer’s stricter restrictions (designed to make the chatbot “less fawning” and prevent mental health crises) had pissed off users who didn’t have psychological problems. Now OpenAI reverses its own security philosophy in record time. You have introduced parental controls and a separate experience for minors, but the speed of change raises questions about whether they have truly “mitigated” the risks or simply decided to take them on. Between the lines. This move shows the real battle of conversational AI. It’s not about who has the most powerful model, but who gets you to spend the most time with it. And accompaniment without an erotic dimension is incomplete for many users. OpenAI knows this. Altman predicted that ChatGPT could “cure cancer one day.” Now bet that he can also be your sexual confidant. They are only two sides of the same strategy of total penetration in the lives of users. In Xataka | Character.AI is accompanying and making its users fall in love. That’s wonderful until it’s not. Featured image | Xataka

You have to establish a “red lines” so that the AI ​​does not go out of hand

On Monday more than 200 personalities and more than 70 organizations joined in a new initiative called Global Call for AI Red Lines (World call to establish red lines in AI). The objective: try to establish clear limits that AI should never cross. Why is it important. The advances in generative are frantic but once again what is prioritized is that development and the commercialization of these models without too many reserves when doing so. According to the signatories of the initiative, “Some advanced IA systems have already shown misleading and harmful behavior, and yet these systems are giving more autonomy to act and make decisions in the world. If not controlled, many experts, including those who are at the forefront of development, warn that it will be increasingly difficult to exercise significant human control in the coming years.” What is requested. The initiative, initiated during the 80th General Assembly of the United Nations, asks that governments act “with decision” and reach “an international agreement on clear and verifiable red lines to avoid universally unacceptable risks.” What are those red lines. What is proposed is specifically prohibit some uses and behaviors of AI that can end up being dangerous. Among them they would be for example prohibit: Those who are. In that group of more than 200 personalities are ten Nobel Prizes, AI experts, scientists, diplomats and even heads of state. Among them are well -known names as those of scientists Geoffrey Hinton and Yoshua Bengio who already They carry time warning of these dangers. The list is remarkable and they are also experts such as the OpenAi co -leaflet, Wojciech Zarama, or one of Deepmind’s main scientists, Ian Goodfellow. And those who do not. Although in this list of personalities there are very relevant names, it is also significant to verify that this initiative has not been signed by any CEO of one of the large technological companies involved in the field of AI. Although sometimes there have been speeches that pointed out that they were also worried about this issue and the AI ​​had to be regulatedin this case they have not participated in the initiative. Better prevent than cure. Charbel-Raphaël Segerie, responsible for a French agency called Safety Center in AI (CESIA), “the objective is not to react after an important incident occurs, but to avoid largely and potentially irreversible risks before they occur.” The European Act goes in that line. The European Union already created its regulation and launched it In August 2024, and the idea was to establish a series of restrictions based on Risk levels. At the moment the impact of this regulation has been negative, especially because has restricted the use and development of AI models in the EU. So much so that the EU has decided reverse and soften its regulations. And we already have a precedent. Just a few months after the chatgpt launch several experts made a similar request. Among them were Elon Musk – who has not signed this initiative – or Steve Wozniak, which They asked to pause for six months the training of AI models. That does not come anywhere, and without an explicit prohibition that development of AI models has continued unstoppable. In Xataka | “Estimated passengers: comply with the rules to avoid negative points,” China is implementing their social credit

In the war between Spain and Ryanair for hand luggage, the European Union has already sent a message. It does not paint well for Spain

At the end of last year, Spain sanctioned Ryanair and four other airlines with millionaire fines for the collection of hand luggage. Since then, the Irish company has been defending that the sanction is illegal because they are not breaking any regulations. The case has climbed to the European Union … And things do not paint well for Spain. Gathered. In person or by video call, which begins to give an idea of ​​positions. At the end of last week, Apostols Tzitzikostas, European Transport Commissioner, He scheduled a meeting with Michael O’LearyRyanair CEO. Yesterday, Pablo Bustinduy, Minister of Consumption, met with that same commissioner by video call. The digital meeting arrives days after the reception to the maximum leader of the company and thousands of kilometers away. A first approach that gives an idea of ​​where the positions are. Affinity. From the meeting between O’Leary and Tzitzikostas they have not transcended holders but in Spain they already begin to fear that the positions between them are closer to Spanish positions, they explain in The country. To start because Bustinduy requested to have that meeting before Ryanair’s CEO met with the European leader but there was no success. And, second, because from the European Transport Commission they have clear that their positions are close to those of low -cost airlines in terms of hand luggage. Your last proposition It does not differ much from what, until now, Ryanair was allowing. 4 liters. It is, according to BBC The increase in space Ryanair assumed with its new measures for hand luggage. The company has gone from 40 x 25 x 20 cm with those that was handled until this summer to some innovative 40 x 30 x 20 cm. Those five centimeters are those that are calculated, increase the size by four liters. As we count a few months ago, the decision comes after the Airlines For Europe (A4E) association of which Ryanair is part of, will sign an agreement to establish a minimum in 40 × 30 × 15 cm bags. A movement that actually serves to make lobby and create a new European standard. And, before the fines, Ryanair herself has pressed so that exact minimum sizes allowed are defined. On the side of the low cost. The A4E agreement arrives just when the European Union has decided to close, at once, the hand luggage chapter. Right now, airlines have to ensure that you can travel with “the essential” in a backpack. But there are no minimum measures. In that strip and loosen to get a new regulation of travelers, The Council of Europe has proposedexactly, that the measures to be collected are those 40 x 30 x 15 cm. That is, Ryanair would already be complying with the minimums. And the Transport Commission also bets on the same measures although it emphasizes that this backpack must be free (and It has discrepancies on other aspects). The fine, in the air. Although there is no record that Ryanair has climbed the disagree to European magistrates, what we do know is that the Superior Court of Justice of Madrid He has suspended the sanction Economic, pointing out that if applied, a hard impact on the treasury of these companies will be generated, for what has applied, for the moment, precautionary measures. In fact, in Spain justice has been shown in favor of users and the airline in contradictory sentences for the same fact. In Salamancathe courts have considered that the free size allowed by Ryanair is not enough for the passenger to carry the “essential” luggage. In SevilleHowever, they do not have the same opinion and have failed in favor of the company. Summarizing. At the moment, the Ministry of Consumer faces a complicated role. Has imposed a millionaire fine to Ryanair (the highest in the history of our country) Justice has caught the sanctions precautionary The company has pressed in the European Union European leaders have previously received the company’s CEO than Spanish leaders (and have done so by video call) And Europe seeks to carry out a new regulation to travel with hand suitcases … with more restrictive measures than those Ryanair offer from this summer. Photo | Nejc Soklič and My Random Photo In Xataka | Lack of a hole, prize on the payroll: Ryanair will upload the prize for employees who discover too large handbags

The Xlean TR1 changes robot hand vacuum cleaner in a second. The most interesting thing is that he learns from you

A robot that learns from you, who observes how you clean and then replicates your movements to do the job on your own. This is how the TR1 is presented, Xlean’s first modela startup formed by experiencers with experience in DJI and Roborock. This device combines two functions in a single body: it is an autonomous vacuum and hand vacuum cleaner, capable of becoming a second. According to Yanko DesignThe company wants TR1 to be much more than another appliance: it raises it as a step towards domestic robots capable of adapting to each home. The launch of the TR1 arrives at a time of effervescence for domestic robotics. In the IFA 2025 fair we have seen bets like the DREAME CYBER X.which incorporates Quadtrack technology to climb stairs, or LG’s “invisible” robotdesigned to hide under the sink and always keep the mop. Faced with these proposals, Xlean seeks to differentiate himself. The startup, founded in 2022 and backed by the Robotics Institute of Hong Kong UniversityHe wants to open a new chapter in the sector with a more ambitious idea. UU device that mixes instant transformation and adaptive intelligence The TR1 key is in its ability to move from autonomous robot to hand vacuum cleaner in the blink of an eye. This change is made through an electrical blocking system that Release the main module with a single gesturedesigned to act instantly in front of any unforeseen. The startup says that this design is not only practical, it also serves as a gateway to the learning system. In manual mode, the device collects data on how the user cleans and transforms those records into patterns that applies later when it works autonomously. The manual TR1 mode is the basis of what Xlean calls “self -evolve intelligence.” Thanks to an RGB-D camera, a green laser sensor and motor encoders, the device records in detail how the user addresses cleaning tasks. The company states that these data are anonymized before being sent to the cloud and that its collection is always carried out with explicit consent, although that protection remains a promise that will have to be checked. Unlike what it might seem, learning is not immediate or limited to each team. According to Xleanthe information obtained is used to train artificial intelligence models that, in theory, benefit the entire user base. The advances would be incorporated into new versions of the software distributed by OTA updates, so it is not clear when or how real improvements will be perceived in each home. To reassure users concerned about their privacy, the device integrates a physical shutter that blocks the camera and offers a visual confirmation that it is not recording. For its proposal to work, the TR1 needs real cleaning power, especially in manual mode, when the user faces the worst spills. Xlean has developed a system called Dual-Motor Directsuction, which combines a high pressure suction with 800 rpm rollers to aspire solids and liquids at the same time. The company ensures that this design prevents the remains from spreading, thanks to Vortexmatrix technology, perfected after three years of tests and 40 prototypes. Yanko Design points out that these figures are ambitious, although it still remains to verify its effectiveness outside the laboratory. The TR1 also bets strong in navigation. Its square design allows you to clean corners with an accuracy of up to 6 mm, a weak point of traditional circular robots. According to the company, the device is able to map a 150 -square -meter house in just three minutes and Recognize more than 400 types of obstacles Thanks to a combination of vision and identification by Lidar. Xlean ensures that this performance is the result of millions of simulated scenarios and that its reinforcement learning software is prepared to move without being trapped. These promises must be validated in real evidence, but point to a remarkable advance. Xlean has also designed the Omni Station as a key complement to the TR1. The base includes an emptying system that manages liquid and solid waste, something rare in the market. The company states that the station performs a complete cleaning with hot water at 60 ° C and an automatic drying to keep the equipment ready. It also offers the possibility of direct connection to the water network and the drain, which would eliminate manual deposits. In addition, the ecosystem is committed to integration with Matter and Homekit, and a modular design that will allow future extensions. As we say, the TR1 has been presented in IFA 2025, but its future is far from assured. Xlean states that he will soon launch a Kickstarter campaign To bring it to the global market, a habitual strategy between startups that seek financing and validation before producing on a large scale. Promises are ambitious, however, there are important unknowns, from their real autonomy to the cost of consumables and the reliability of updates. Everything will depend on how the public responds to this first test of interest. At the moment, the company has not revealed the price of the device. Images | Xlean In Xataka | One in two vacuum robots is Chinese. It is the cleanest invasion in history

of the second -hand market

The US government has been doing everything that is in their hand to prevent Chinese companies and research organizations for more than three years artificial intelligence (AI) more advanced that produce nvidia, AMD or brainsamong other companies. This is the purpose of Export restrictions Of these GPUs approved by the Department of Commerce, which in this area is the executing arm of the administration. Despite the efforts of the US government, the avant -garde chips for AI They have continued arriving in Chinaalthough it is reasonable to accept that in amounts lower than those needed by companies that are dedicated to the development of large AI models. And they have done it mainly through secondary markets and parallel import roads that run in India, Malaysia or Singapore, in which The US action It is very limited. Nvidia has achieved the export license you need to sell in China Your GPU for IA H20but the Chinese government has vetoed this chip. And he has done so that the administration of the cyberspace of China, which is the main Internet regulatory body in this country, This GPU is thoroughly investigating Because he suspects that he could incorporate a rear door of difficult location by Chinese experts. If so, the possibility of China to use this chip. China is getting in the second -hand market the best Nvidia GPU China already has Three very clear alternatives to Nvidia. Cambricon Technologies, Huawei and Moore Threads are the three Chinese chip designers for ia who are better positioned to get the market that NVIDIA maintains in China. Despite all the developers of great AI models that have projects with projects with CUDA They need chips from this last company. And, according to Digitimes Asiathey have found the appropriate place to get these GPU: the international second -hand market. However, the most interesting thing is that they are not being formed with the H20 chips that, as we have seen, have been prohibited by the Chinese government; They are getting the GPUs H100 and A100 of Nvidia, which They are more powerful than H20. For the US it is essentially impossible launch an unpublished strategy. This measure will consist, if it finally comes to fruition, to introduce the technology necessary to allow them to be tracked at all times. Chinese companies are buying huge games of NVIDIA A100 and H100 in the second -hand market A priori would be a form of geolocation that would identify where each integrated circuit resides during its journey once it leaves the semiconductor factory. Michael Kratsios, the director of the Office of Scientific and Technological Policy of the White House and one of those responsible for the US government’s action plan for the development of AI, has confirmed that are considering the possibility of introducing tracking solutions both implemented in the hardware and software itself: “We are discussing what software or physical changes could be introduced into the chips themselves to improve the tracking of their location.” The US administration is determined to protect its current leadership in the development of hardware for AI as the adoption of this technology accelerates throughout the planet. However, implement the solution proposed by Kratsios and other White House advisors It implies important technical challenges. Constant tracking by GPS is not practical in this scenario of use, According to Kratsios himselfso a possible solution is to introduce in each chip the logic necessary to confirm its location periodically. In this way, external networks can be reduced. The problem is that this design increases the complexity of the logic of each chip and can presumably impact its performance, which would penalize its productivity in the calculation centers. In addition, the cost of each GPU will increase and hackers They could find new ways to violate the safety of these chips by resorting to possible weaknesses of tracking logic. Image | Nvidia More information | Digitimes Asia In Xataka | The US will not be able to contain the technological development of China. Experts from the chips industry forecast it

His name is Dead Hand and is activated in case of Russian annihilation

The verbal escalation between Washington and Moscow He intensified After the statements of Dmitri Medvedev, former Russian president and current vice president of the Security Council, by reacting hard to the ultimatum launched by the United States: stop the offensive in Ukraine within ten days or face new sanctions. Medvedev described The threat as “a step towards war”, and then remembered a cold war system. The diplomatic trigger. Yes, because the leader He replied with allusions to the known Russian nuclear system Like Dead Handdesigned to guarantee reprisals even if Kremlin’s leadership was eliminated. Far from softening the tone, Trump replied that the Russian had to “monitor his words”, warning that he entered “a very dangerous territory.” It was in this context that the US president ordered the repositioning of two nuclear submarines In “appropriate regions”, an unusually public gesture that sought to convey firmness against what he described as “incendiary” comments. The nuclear background. The announcement recounted an important symbolic burden, since the movements of American ballistic submarines are rarely made public. Analysts Like James Actonfrom Carnegie Endowment, they recalled that the United States nuclear deterrence already maintains constant capacity in the Atlantic and the Pacific, which suggests that the deployment has more A political character than a real change in military position. The MEDYDEV mention To Dead Hand underlines the growing centrality of Russian nuclear discourse since the beginning of the invasion of Ukraine. Far from his image as a reformist leader between 2008 and 2012, Medvedev has embraced a incendiary tone In social networks, repeatedly referring to atomic Arsenal as a letter of intimidation, which raises tension at a time of military and diplomatic stagnation. The origin of an apocalyptic weapon. The idea of a Final Judgment Devicean automatic mechanism that guarantees nuclear retaliation even when a country has been devastated and its eliminated leaders seemed for decades a science fiction fantasy. However, the Soviet Union materialized in 1985 under the name of Perimetr systembetter known in the West as Dead Hand. The principle was simple in its logic and terrifying in its consequence: even if the enemy launched a perfect first attack, annihilating Moscow’s political and military command, a Autonomous system He would ensure the nuclear response, also condemning the aggressor. In other words, it was the incarnation of the insured mutual destructionbrought to an automatic level in which no human decision could stop the sequence once activated. The strategic motivation of Moscow. The development of the system responded to the growing Soviet vulnerability in the 1980s. The improvement in the accuracy of the American missiles launched from submarines reduced the half -hour warning time just three minuteswhich made it impossible to organize a counterattack before destruction. In that scenario, the classical deterrence of the cold war was threatened, because Washington could consider feasible a first disabling blow. To restore balance, Kremlin designed the Perimetrthat when activated in times of tension would remain latent, evaluating with seismic, radiological and atmospheric pressure sensors if the territory had been attacked. Only then, and after verifying the loss of contact with the General Staff, the system granted launch authority to the crew buried in A armored bunkereliminating the need for intact command chains. The mechanism. The system’s core was a unique missile: 15P011not armed with a nuclear head, but with a radio transmitter hardened against radiation. When taking off from a protected silo, this projectile flew over the country issuing launch orders to the ICBM silos, to the strategic submarines and the bombers, replacing the communications infrastructure that was presumed destroyed. This guaranteed mass retaliation against Preprogrammed objectives. The decision chain was reduced to a Sequence of conditional: If an attack was detected, if there was no communication with the high command, and if after a prudential time the signals were not restored, then the revenge was assured. A single operator, locked in Your underground positioncould trigger the complete arsenal of the Soviet Union. Between the secret and the paradox. Paradoxically, the real utility of Perimetr did not reside so much to intimidate the United States with its existence, because for years it remained in the strictest secret, revealed to the world in 1993. Rather it worked like a Psychological insurance For Soviet leaders themselves. Knowing that the system would automatically respond to them not to rush before ambiguous signals and gain time to analyze whether an alleged attack was not, in reality, a radar error or a flock of geese confused with missiles. Instead of accelerating nuclear button, Dead Hand reduced risk of a catastrophic error by excessive reaction, providing a strange respite in a climate marked by permanent fear of Armageddon. Validity. Although the exact details remain classified, It is believed than perimetr Follow operational in current Russia, modernized after the dissolution of the USSR. Its only existence remembers the thin line between strategic stability and global destruction: a device that, in theory, converts nuclear war into a absolute nonsensebut at the same time contains the power to erase civilization without human intervention. The unusual thing is that, far from being the irrational monster by Dr. StrangeloveDead Hand may have been the more rational invention In the logic of terror balance: a mechanism created to calm those who could destroy the world with an impulsive order. In that disturbing paradox, its legacy is supported: the only real device of assured destruction that, by guaranteeing retaliation, reduced temptation of error and, somehow, the nuclear vertigo of the cold war made more habitable. Today, the episode Between Trump and Medvedev It emphasizes once again the fragility of the nuclear balance between both powers: on the one hand, the tacit dissuasion of the United States, whose underwater force Always remain ready No need for ads. On the other, Kremlin’s constant resource to atomic rhetoric as an instrument of psychological pressure. Image | Włodi In Xataka | The good news for Russia is that the earthquake occurred in a remote area. The bad is that he concentrated his nuclear submarines … Read more

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