Theories that try to explain why aliens have not yet contacted us

The Fermi Paradox It remains very young despite having been formulated in 1950, partly because today there are still councils of scientists addressing possible responses to the physicist’s idea. We do not know if we are alone in the universe and the desire to explain how we are accompanied. There is an even more intriguing theory: zoo hypothesis. It is a matter that a few years ago was discussed by astrophysicists, biologists, sociologists, psychologists and historians at the biannual meeting of the METI (Messaging Extraterrestrial Intelligence) “What is life? An extraterrestrial perspective.” At the meeting, topics were discussed such as whether a signal should be sent to space or the possible extraterrestrial origin of life on Earth, as well as somewhat more fun hypotheses like the one we presented to you. Enrico Fermi asked how come we had not had contact with the extraterrestrials if they were there, where were all those life forms if their existence was so probable. A possible answer is the one that has been discussed in this METI event, in which the analysis of the Fermi paradox has been covered from a scientific approach, according to Cyril Birnbaum and Brigitte David. Forbes. And the truth is that the issues that were discussed were, to say the least, striking from a scientific perspective: Do extraterrestrials remain silent in case contact with us impacts humanity? Do we live in a galactic zoo? Should we send international radio messages to nearby stars to demonstrate humanity’s interest in being part of the “Galactic Club”? Will alien intelligence be similar to human intelligence? Is the origin of life on Earth somewhere else in the galaxy (interstellar migration hypothesis)? In fact, we already talked about the first here as we linked to you before, but what is this about the zoo? What does this theory suggest in reference to the idea that we are not alone? Well, not only that, but we are being watched and even protectedas explained by Florence Raulin Cerceau (of the METI board of directors and in the organization of the event). And if we are not very interesting It is about the idea that there is a series of alien civilizations that knows about us, but that is intentionally hidden to avoid influencing our behavior or development. In the same way that keepers monitor animals in zoos, reasoning that if a zebra suddenly communicated with us through prime numbers using its hoof, our relationship with it would be altered and we would be forced to respond, explains Douglas Vakoch, president of METI. “If we went to the zoo and suddenly a zebra turned towards us, looked us in the eyes and started sending us series of prime numbers with its hoof, that would establish a radically different relationship between us and the zebra, and we would feel compelled to respond. (…) We can do the same with aliens by transmitting powerful, intentional, information-rich radio signals to the stars.” Douglas Vakoch, president of METI This hypothesis is supported by ideas such as the fact that they have left surveillance equipment or automated systems on Earth (yet to be discovered), that we are not interesting enough or that we have not reached a sufficient level of progress for them to come into contact with us. It was already there Anders Sandberg in 1999 (from the University of Oxford) who raised another possibility that perhaps technologically advanced civilizations would prefer to stay on their planets building gigantic supercomputers as big as the planets they lived on, their so-called “Jupiter brains.” (Unsplash) In this way, the Earth would be our great cage or space, from which we are oblivious to the surveillance of extraterrestrials. In fact, Jean-Pierre Rospars (research director at the French National Institute for Agricultural Research and co-organizer of the event with Raulin Cerceau) speaks of a “galactic quarantine“, which would be imposed on our society as the aliens are “culturally troublesome” for us. Until they can be properly disproved, there are many theories attempting to answer the Fermi paradox. There are those that we gather here and many others, like the one about the aliens They are locked under oceans of ice (from Alan Stern, principal investigator on NASA’s New Horizons mission), trapped on super earths due to its extreme severity (from Michael Hippke, an independent researcher associated with the Sonnenberg observatory in Germany) or already devastated by themselvesas we earthlings seem to be doing (this one by Adam Frank, professor of physics and astronomy at the University of Rochester in New York). Without completely denying the existence of life in the universe beyond terrestrial life, not all points of view assume that there are already intelligent forms or that we are going to find the same molecular mechanismsyes. As stated by Dr. Felipe Gómez from the Astrobiology Center of the CSIC, highlighting this as the weakest point in the search for life in space when asked Does it make sense to look for life in outer space?. In this regard, on that occasion we also spoke with Domingo Marquina (microbiologist at the Complutense University of Madrid), who clarified that “there is no definition of life.” Hence there are two well-defined lines of research: searching for more elemental forms of life (what missions like Curiosity would do) or higher intelligence (what SETI does). “We don’t know if the life forms that we are going to encounter will have a form of life based on DNA, on carbon.” Domingo Marquina (microbiologist at the Complutense University of Madrid) It is also Dan Hooper’s approachresearcher of Fermi National Accelerator Laboratorywhich based on the principle that the universe is expanding has been discussing what an advanced civilization should do to survive. Consider that civilization would realize this problem and expand rapidly, building Dyson spheres and using that energy to accelerate those stars that move away near the center of civilization where we can continue using them. It is something, according to him, that they should do as soon … Read more

If we don’t see aliens it is because of our “epistemological limitations”

What if aliens are everywhere, but we are cognitively unable to perceive them? A Serbian philosopher has proposed a disturbing solution to the Fermi paradox: The answer is not in the universe, but in the limits of our own brain. Where is everyone? The Fermi Paradox is one of the most famous questions in modern science. The universe is immense and very ancient. The lights we see in the sky are billions of galaxies and trillions of planets. By mere statistics, intelligent life should be common. If this is so, why haven’t we found the slightest evidence of it? Why haven’t we seen its megastructures, caught its signals or received visitors? “Where is everyone?” physicist Enrico Fermi asked in 1950. The Great Filter. There are many brilliant minds who have dared to use the Fermi Paradox. Many of the answers fall under what has come to be known as “The Great Filter”: something that prevents the development of a higher level civilization in the Kardashev scale. Perhaps advanced civilizations tend to annihilate themselves in nuclear wars, or perish in the face of lethal climate change before they can colonize the galaxy. Perhaps the conditions that allowed life here are an unrepeatable cosmic coincidence. We are alone because we are a rare bird. The ego can get us. All of these solutions have a root problem: they are deeply anthropocentric. They assume that other intelligent life forms are like us, that they use technology that we can detect. What if the great silence of the cosmos was nothing more than the result of searching for radio signals when the intelligent life we ​​seek communicates across dimensions we cannot even imagine? We are dumb as worms. This is where the proposal of the Serbian philosopher Vojin Rakić, published in the International Journal of Astrobiology. Rakić calls it the “solution to enduring human epistemological limitations.” The key is in the term “epistemological”, which in the theory of knowledge is how we know what we know and what the limits of our perception are. Extraterrestrial life could be so radically different from us that it simply our brain is not equipped to recognize it. We are to aliens what worms are to us. So? Well, if Rakić is right, there isn’t much to do. We look for little green men in flying saucers, but intelligent life could exist as a form of non-physical consciousness, an interdimensional energy network, or an intelligence based on dark matter. Rakić uses very powerful terrestrial analogies. We know that octopuses are incredibly intelligent, but their nervous system is completely foreign to ours. Fungal networks demonstrate a complexity that goes unnoticed by us. And few would have imagined that a handful of silicon chips would give rise to AI. How can we explain to someone from a couple of centuries ago that we have taught stones to speak? SETI is already at it. This idea, which might seem like pure philosophy, is catching on in the scientific community. The Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence Institute (SETI) itself has made an appeal to “abandon the anthropocentric perspective” in their exploratory work. It is not about stopping searching, but about expanding our definition of life and intelligence, thinking that “other minds” might have nothing to do with terrestrial biology. For now, our best weapon to stop being dumb as worms is to advance our own science and improve our own cognition. Image | NSF/NSF NRAO/AUI/B.Foott

Learn to communicate with aliens

A dog with its barking and A cat with its meowdos They try to tell us something. Also They do it with their eyes, With the body and with its gestures. Communication between species has been essential for the development of bothallowing The link and survival. And there are those who think that whales also want to communicate with us. As? Drawing huge circles in the water to see what we do. And we are using that communication with whales to Enter relationship with … aliens. Extraterrestrial communication. We have been trying for decades Find out extraterrestrial communication. The contact possibilities are there, but those of communication are already more complex. However, hope is the last thing that is lost. In 2021, researchers from the SETI Institute, the University of California Davis and Alaska Whale Foundation created the project WHOLE-SETI. The objective was to unravel the complexity of the vocalizations of humpback whales to discern patterns and develop potential ways of Interest communication. Talking with whales. Breenda McCowan is one of the main researchers of the project and, in 2023, published a article in which detailed One of the tests to contact. McCowan recorded 20 minutes of underwater sounds and prosecuted them to try to find a pattern that could attract whales. This is how a 38 -year -old female named Twain approached a hundred meters from the ship … and responded with her own “line” of voice. For 20 minutes, Twain maintained a vocal exchange With the recordings, adjusting their answers in synchrony with the reproduction intervals. This allowed the researchers to adjust the fragments of the recording to which Twain responded best, but also demonstrated something important: a conversational behavior between humans and a whale. Rings. The team has continued ‘speaking’ with whales in recent years, getting much more than noise in its ‘tongue’. Fred Sharpe is co -author of that first article and commented that these whales are “extremely intelligent, with complex social systems, songs and social calls”, but in addition to vocalization, Sharpe explained that “manufacture tools.” Not in the form of objects, but as huge rings that are bubble networks. These rings are, in fact, a sophisticated Hunting strategy which implies the creation of bubble rings to corner and capture both fish and krill. The hunchbacks swim in ascending spirals while they release air by their respiratory holes to create vortices that, on the surface, we see as if they were rings. Thus, instead of spending energy swimming behind the dams, they “catch” a large number of them in those vortices, throwing themselves with their mouths open and swallowing large amounts of dams of a single bite without spending as much energy as in a hunt “to the race.” Rings of the 12 episodes. Images | (a) D. Knaub, (b) F. Nicklen, (c) D. Perrine, (d) W. Davis, (e) G. Flipse, (f) A. Henry, (g) M. Gaughan, (h) H. Romonchik, (i) D. Patton, (J) D. Perrine, (k) S. isstrup, (l) S. Hilbourne Contact. We could assume that this hunting technique is carried out when they are in an aggressive way, but the interesting thing is the new finding of the McCowan team. In a study recent, researchers exhibit and They analyze 12 different episodes in which 11 individual whales created a total of 39 rings with a different goal from hunting: draw our attention. Friendly whales. Sharpe is clear that whales are creating rings in an apparent attempt to interact curiously, playful or simply to observe our response. Jodi Frediani, participant in the study, Comment that “most have voluntarily approached ships and swimmers, producing bubble rings during these episodes.” We might think that perhaps they wanted to eat that body, but the whale behavior did not indicate that: in these cases, during the release of the ring, the whales were motionless, as waiting, with the body in a horizontal position and without signs of food behavior. Nor were dams within the rings or aggressive behavior, so if they did not want to eat, there were no other whales nearby and there was only one individual specimen and the humans, the conclusion of the researchers is that they were waiting for our response. Back to the aliens. “We believe that this is the first communicative exchange of this type between humans and humpback whales in the ‘language’ of the humps,” said Sharpe. And although this behavior of the whales and their communication with rings, another of McCowan’s researchers and partner, Dr. Laurence Doyle, recalled the objective of the mission: contact the aliens. “Due to current technological limitations, a key assumption in the search for extraterrestrial intelligence is that they would be interested in establishing contact. Therefore, they would direct their signs towards human receptors,” he said. That is, we would be the whales in the eyes of the extraterrestrials that are trying to contact. “This important assumption is clearly supported by the behavior of humpback whales,” Doyle said. It may be that contact with aliens arrives sooner or later, something complex due to the size of the universe, but it is evident that, in that search for contact, we have managed to communicate with much closer neighbors. Images | Online Library, University of Hawai’i In Xataka | 10 million dollars to talk to your dog: the prize for those who manage to communicate “bidirectionally” with animals

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